美国街头文化英文介绍

涂鸦：

Graffiti(singular:graffito;thepluralisusedasamassnoun)isthenameforimagesorletteringscratched,scrawled,paintedormarkedinanymanneronproperty.Graffitiisanytypeofpublicmarkingsthatmayappearintheformsofsimplewrittenwordstoelaboratewallpaintings.Graffitihasexistedsinceancienttimes,withexamplesdatingbacktoAncientGreeceandtheRomanEmpire[1].Inmoderntimes,spraypaint,normalpaintandmarkershavebecomethemostcommonlyusedmaterials.Inmostcountries,defacingpropertywithgraffitiwithoutthepropertyowner'sconsentisconsideredvandalism,whichispunishablebylaw.Sometimesgraffitiisemployedtocommunicatesocialandpoliticalmessages.Tosome,itisanartformworthyofdisplayingalleriesandexhibitions;toothersitismerelyvandalism.Graffitihassinceevolvedintoapopcultureexistenceoftenrelatedtoundergroundhiphopmusicandb-boyingcreatingalifestylethatremainshiddenfromthegeneralpublic.[2]Graffitiisusedasagangsignaltomarkterritoryortoserveasanindicatorortagforgang-relatedactivity.Thecontroversiesthatsurroundgraffiticontinuetocreatedisagreementamongstcityofficials/lawenforcementandgraffitistslookingtodisplaytheirworkinpubliclocations.Therearemanydifferenttypesandstylesofgraffitianditisarapidlydevelopingartformwhosevalueishighlycontested,beingreviledbymanyauthoritieswhilealsosubjecttoprotection,sometimeswithinthesamejurisdiction.

街头篮球：

Streetballisalessformalvariantofbasketball,playedonplaygroundsandingymnasiumsaroundtheworld.Oftenonlyonehalfofthecourtisused,butotherwisetherulesofthegameareverysimilartothoseofbasketball.Thenumberofparticipantsinagame,orarun,mayrangefromonedefenderandonepersononoffense(knownasoneonone)totwofullteamsoffiveeachasinprofessionalorcollegiatebasketball.Itiscommontohearplayerarrivingatstreetballgametocalloutnextindicatingtheyareclaimingtherighttoplayinthenextgame.

Streetballisaverypopulargameworldwide,[citationneeded]andsomecitiesintheUnitedStateshaveorganizedstreetballprograms,suchasmidnightbasketball.Manycitiesalsohosttheirownweekend-longstreetballtournaments.Hoop-It-UpandtheHoustonRockets'BlacktopBattlearetwoofthemostpopular.Inrecentyears,streetballhasseenanincreaseinmediaexposurethroughtelevisionshowssuchasESPN'sStreetballandCitySlam,aswellastravelingexhibitionssuchastheAND1MixtapeTourandBall4Real.

说唱嘻哈：

HiphopasaculturalmovementmanifestinB-boying(breakdancing),graffitiwriting,DJingandeMCeeing–isanartisticcommitmenttoseizefreedomfromoppressivesocialconditions.ThisartisticcommitmentinherentinHipHopcultureexpressesarealityofhumantranscendencewhichwasoriginallybornoutofthecreativeimpulseandculturalimprovisationoftheoppressedAfricanAmerican,Afro-CaribbeanandLatinoAmericancommunitiesofNewYorkCity(withtheSouthBronxastheepicenter)inthelate1970s.[1][2][3][1][4]ItwasDJAfrikaBambaataathatoutlinedthefivepillarsofhip-hopculture:MCing,DJing,breaking,graffitiwriting,andknowledge.[5][6][7][8]Otherelementsincludebeatboxing,hiphopfashion,andslang.SincefirstemergingintheBronx,thelifestyleofhiphopculturehasspreadaroundtheworld.[9]Whenhiphopmusicbegantoemerge,itwasbasedarounddiscjockeyswhocreatedrhythmicbeatsbyloopingbreaks(smallportionsofsongsemphasizingapercussivepattern)ontwoturntables,whichisnowmorecommonlyreferredtoassampling.Thiswaslateraccompaniedbyrapping(arhythmicstyleofchantingorpoetrymoreformallyin16barmeasuresortimeframes)andbeatboxing,avocaltechniquemainlyusedtoimitatepercussiveelementsofthemusicandvarioustechnicaleffectsofhiphopDJs.Anoriginalformofdancingandparticularstylesofdressaroseamongfollowersofthisnewmusic.Theseelementsexperiencedconsiderablerefinementanddevelopmentoverthecourseofthehistoryoftheculture.

Therelationshipbetweengraffitiandhiphopculturearisesfromtheappearanceofnewandincreasinglyelaborateandpervasiveformsofthepracticeinareaswhereotherelementsofhiphopwereevolvingasartforms,withaheavyoverlapbetweenthosewhowrotegraffitiandthosewhopracticedotherelementsoftheculture.