英国文化要全英

Theculture

ThecultureoftheUnitedKingdomisrichandvaried,andhasbeeninfluentialoncultureonaworldwidescale.

ItisaEuropeanstate,andhasmanyculturallinkswithitsformercolonies,particularlythosethatusetheEnglishlanguage(theAnglosphere).TheoriginsoftheUKasapoliticalunionofformerlyindependentstateshasresultedinthepreservationofdistinctiveculturesineachofthehomenations.

Religion

Althoughtodayoneofthemore'secularised'statesintheworld,theUnitedKingdomistraditionallyaChristiancountry,withtwooftheHomenationshavingofficialfaiths:

Anglicanism,intheformoftheChurchofEngland,istheEstablishedChurchinEngland.TheQueenisSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEngland.

Presbyterianism(ChurchofScotland)istheofficialfaithinScotland.

TheAnglicanChurchinWaleswasdisestablishedin1920.

TheAnglicanChurchofIrelandwasdisestablishedin1871.

OtherreligionsfollowedintheUKincludeIslam,Hinduism,Sikhism,Judaism,andBuddhism.While2001censusinformation[2]suggeststhatover75percentofUKcitizensconsiderthemselvestobelongtoareligion,GallupInternationalreportsthatonly10percentofUKcitizensregularlyattendreligiousservices,comparedto15percentofFrenchcitizensand57percentofAmericancitizens.A2004YouGovpollfoundthat44percentofUKcitizensbelieveinGod,while35percentdonot[3].ThedisparitybetweenthecensusdataandtheYouGovdatahasbeenputdowntoaphenomenondescribedasculturalChristianity,wherebymanywhodonotbelieveinGodstillidentifywiththereligiontheywereboughtupas,orthereligionoftheirparents.

Language

TheUnitedKingdomhasnoofficiallanguage.Englishisthemainlanguageandthedefactoofficiallanguage,spokenmonolinguallybyanestimated95%oftheUKpopulation.

However,somenationsandregionsoftheUKhaveframeworksforthepromotionofindigenouslanguages.InWales,EnglishandWelsharebothwidelyusedbyofficialdom,andIrishandUlsterScotsenjoylimitedusealongsideEnglishinNorthernIreland,mainlyinpubliclycommissionedtranslations.Additionally,theWesternIslescouncilareaofScotlandhasapolicytopromoteScottishGaelic.

UndertheEuropeanCharterforRegionalorMinorityLanguages,whichisnotlegallyenforceable,theUKGovernmenthascommitteditselftothepromotionofcertainlinguistictraditions.Welsh,ScottishGaelicandCornisharetobedevelopedinWales,ScotlandandCornwallrespectively.OthernativelanguagesaffordedsuchprotectionincludeIrishinNorthernIreland,ScotsinScotlandandNorthernIreland,whereitisknowninofficialparlanceasUlsterScotsorUllansbutinthespeechofuserssimplyasScotch,BroadScots,andBritishSignLanguage.

Sport

ThenationalsportoftheUKisfootball,havingoriginatedinEngland,andtheUKhastheoldestfootballclubsintheworld.Thehomenationsallhaveseparatenationalteamsanddomesticcompetitions,mostnotablytheFAPremierLeague,theFACup,andtheScottishPremierLeague.ThefirsteverinternationalfootballmatchwasbetweenScotlandandEnglandin1872.Thematchendedgoalless.

OtherfamousBritishsportingeventsincludetheWimbledontennischampionships,theGrandNational,theLondonMarathon,theSixNationsrugbychampionships(ofwhich4homenationsparticipate),theBritishGrandPrix,theashesseriesofcricketmatchesandtheboatracebetweenOxfordandCambridgeuniversities.

AgreatnumberofmajorsportsoriginatedintheUnitedKingdom,including:Football(soccer),squash,golf,tennis,boxing,rugby(rugbyunionandrugbyleague),cricket,snooker,billiards,badmintonandcurling.

Nationalcostume

ThereisnospecificallyBritishnationalcostume.Evenindividually,England,WalesandNorthernIrelandhaveonlyvestigesofanationalcostume;ScotlandhasthekiltandTamo'shanter.InEnglandcertainmilitaryuniformssuchastheBeefeaterortheQueen'sGuardareconsideredtobesymbolicofEnglishness,thoughtheyarenotofficialnationalcostumes.MorrisdancersorthecostumesforthetraditionalEnglishMaydancearecitedbysomeasexamplesoftraditionalEnglishcostume.

ThisisinlargepartduetothecriticalrolethatBritishsensibilitieshaveplayedinworldclothingsincetheeighteenthcentury.ParticularlyduringtheVictorianera,Britishfashionsdefinedacceptabledressformenofbusiness.KeyfiguressuchasBeauBrummell,thefutureEdwardVIIandEdwardVIIIcreatedthemodernsuitandcementeditsdominance.Assuch,itcouldbearguedthatthenationalcostumeoftheBritishmaleisathree-piecesuit,necktieandbowlerhat-animageregularlyusedbycartoonistsasacaricatureofBritishness.

Namingconvention

ThenamingconventioninmostoftheUnitedKingdomisforeveryonetohaveagivenname,usually(butnotalways)indicatingthechild'ssex,followedbyaparent'sfamilyname.Thisnamingconventionhasremainedmuchthesamesincethe15thcenturyinEnglandalthoughpatronymicnamingremainedinsomeofthefurtherreachesoftheotherhomenationsuntilmuchlater.Sincethe19thcenturymiddlenameshavebecomeverycommonandareoftentakenfromthefamilynameofanancestor.

TraditionallygivennameswerelargelytakenfromtheBible;however,intheGothicRevivaloftheVictorianera,AngloSaxonandmythicalnamesbecamecommonplace.Sincethemiddleofthe20thcenturyhowevergivennameshavebeeninfluencedbyamuchwiderculturalbase.

Food

Althoughthereisampleevidenceofarichandvariedapproachtocuisineduringearlierhistoricalperiods(particularlysoamongstwealthycitizens),duringmuchofthe19thand20thcenturyBritainhadareputationforsomewhatconservativecuisine.Thestereotypeofthenativecuisinewasofadietprogressinglittlebeyondstodgymealsconsistingofmeatandtwoveg.Eventoday,inmoreconservativeareasofthecountry,meatandvegcuisineisstillthefavouredchoiceatthedinnertable.

Sundayroastconsistingofroastbeef,roastpotatoes,vegetablesandyorkshirepudding

FishandchipsTraditionalBritishfareusuallyincludesdishessuchasfishandchips;roastdishesofbeef,lamb,chickenandpork;bothsweetandsavourypiesandpuddings,aswellasregionaldishessuchastheCornishpastyandLancashireHotpot.

On8January1940,fourmonthsaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarII,asystemoffoodRationingwasintroducedtoconservestocksandfeedthenationduringthecriticalwaryears.RationingpersisteduntilJuly4,1954[4]whenafourteenyearperiodofrelativeprivation(whichprofoundlyaffectedagenerationofpeopleattitudeto'acultureoffood')finallycametoanend.Withtheendofrationing,Britain'sdietbegantochange,slowlyatfirstduringthe1950sand1960sundertheinfluenceofsuchpeopleasElizabethDavid,butimmeasurablybytheclosingdecadesofthe20thcentury.

Duringthetransitionalperiodofthe1970s,anumberofinfluentialfiguressuchasDeliaSmith(perhapsBritain'smostfamoushomegrownexponentofgoodfood),beganthedrivetoencouragegreaterexperimentationwiththenewingredients(e.g.pasta)increasinglybeingofferedbythesupermarkets.TheevolutionoftheBritishdietwasfurtheracceleratedwiththeincreasingtendencyoftheBritishtotraveltocontinentalEurope(andsometimesbeyond)fortheirannualholidays,experiencingnewandunfamiliardishesastheytravelledtocountriessuchasFrance,Italy,andSpain.

Towardsthemidtolate1990sandonwardsanexplosionoftalentednew'TVchefs'begantocometoprominence,(suchasJamieOliver,AinsleyHarriott,KenHom,NigellaLawson,MadhurJaffrey,NigelSlater,RickStein,JamesMartinandKeithFloyd).Thisbroughtaboutanoticeableexpansioninthevarietyofcuisinethegeneralpublicwerepreparedtotryandtheirgeneralconfidenceinpreparingfoodthathadwouldoncehavebeenconsideredmerelystaplesofforeigncultures,particularlytheMediterraneanEuropean,SouthandEastAsiandiets.Asaresult,anewstyleofcookingcalledModernBritishemerged.

Thisprocessofincreasedvarietyandexperimentationinfoodinevitablydovetailedwiththeveryprofoundimpactthatthepost-warinfluxofimmigrantstotheUK(manyfromBritain'sformercoloniesintheCaribbeanandIndiansub-continent)hadonthenationalcuisine.ThenewcommunitiesintroducednewandexoticdishesandingredientstotheBritishrepertoireandnationalconsciousness.Insomeinstances,BritishtastesfusedwiththenewdishestoproduceentirelynewdishessuchastheBalti,anEnglishinventionbasedonIndiancuisinethathassincegainedpopularityacrosstheworld.Manyofthesenewdisheshavesincebecomedeeplyembeddedinthenativeculture,culminatinginaspeechin2001byForeignSecretary,RobinCook,inwhichhedescribedChickenTikkaMasalaas'atrueBritishnationaldish.

关于艺术的不怎么够位置写了。要是不够再问好了。