大学英语语言学的考试重点

articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)--thestudyoftheproductionofspeachsounds.

acousticphonetics:(声学语言学)--thestudyofphysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.

Allophones(音位变体)--thedifferentphoneswhichcabrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesoftahtphoneme.

consonant(辅音):amajorcategoryofsoundsegmentsproducedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproductingaudiblefriction.

compositionality(综合性原则):themeaningofasentenceshouldbeviewedfromboththegrammaticalstructureandthewordmeaning.Inotherwords,themeaningofasentencedependonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.

cooperativeprinciple(合作原则):1,MaximofQuantity.2,maximofQuality.3,Maximofrelatiob.4,Maximofmanner.

Constatives(叙事句):aconstativesentenceisadescriptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.Itcanbesaidtobetureorfalse.

Endocentric(向心结构):isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i,e,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.

Exocentric(离心结构)：itreferstoagroupofsyntactionallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinablecenterorheadinsidethegroup

illocutionaryact(行事行为):whenwespeakwenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforces.Theactperformedisknownasa...

linguistics(语言学):isthethescientificstudyoflanguage

Language:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

locutionaryact(发话行为):whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsoundsorganzinedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedinthissenseiscalleda...

morpheme(语素):isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofuither,smaller,unitswithoutdestoryingordrasticallyalteringthemeaningwhetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

Morphology(形态学):isabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Phonetics(语音学):phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandperceived.

Pragmatics(语用论):isthestudyoftheserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalized,orencodedinthestructureofalanguage.

perlocutionaryact(取效行为):whetherornottheeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartsoftheactthatthespeakerperformed.thisactiscalled....

performatives(施为句):somesentenceisthedoingofanaction.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.thesesentencesarecalled....

phoneme(音位):isaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.

phonology(音系学):isthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguagesandtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.

sapir-whorfhypotheses(沃尔夫假设):ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers`uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

Semantics(语义学):isthestudyofmeaning,ormorespecifically,thestudyoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.

senserelations(涵义关系):thesenseofawordmaybeseenasnetworkofitssenserelationwithothers.

Syntax(句法):isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure.

syntaxrelations(句法关系):syntaxrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds:positionalrelations,relationsofsubstitutability.andrelationsifco-occurrence

suprasegmentals(超音段特征):unitswhichextendovermorethanonesoundinanutterance.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsaresyllable,stress,toneandintonation.

theoryofconversationalimplicature(会话含义论):inrealcommunication,theintentionofthespeakerisoftennottheliteralmeaningofwhatheorshesays.therealintentionimpliedinthewordsiscalled....

vowel(元音):amajorcategoryofsoundsegmentsproducedwithoutabstructionofthevocaltractsothataireascapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.

这个是定义考察

下面的是大题

Designfeaturesoflanguage(语言的结构特征)

arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission

functionsoflanguage语言的功能

informative,interpersonalfunction,performative,emotivefunction,phaticcommunication,recreationalfunction,metalingualfunction

Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学重要差别

1,descriptiveandprescriptive描写和规定

区别:thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.

1：thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalysethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

2:thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage.

2,synchronicanddiachronic(共时和历时)

1:saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoreticalpointintime.

2:saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.

3,languageandparol(语言和言语)

1,thelanguagesystemsharedbyaspeechcommunity.

2,theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.

4,competenceandperformance（语言能力和应用）

1,unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage

2,thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingandwriting.

语音学三领域:

articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学

acousticphonetics:(声学语言学)

perceptualorauditoryphonetics:感知语音学和听觉语言学

theoryoftheillocutionaryAct行事行为论:locutionaryact发话行为,illocutionaryact行事行为,

两种句子:performativesandconstatives(施为句和叙事句)

cooperativeprinciple合作原则:1,MaximofQuantity.2,maximofQuality.3,Maximofrelatiob.4,Maximofmanner.

沃尔夫假设重要理论:ononehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.,ontheotherhand,similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.Fortwodifferentspeechcommunities,thegreatertherestructuredifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationofthewordwillbe.

上个学期用过的不知道你们老师是这么画的重点凑合看看吧。。。