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高分!求面包的起源、发展或者历史英文介绍

发表时间:2024-07-10 05:07:54 来源:网友投稿

Historyofbread

Thehistoryofbreadgoesbackatleast30,000years.Thefirstbreadproducedwasprobablycookedversionsofagrain-paste,madefromroastedandgroundcerealgrainsandwater,andmayhavebeendevelopedbyaccidentalcookingordeliberateexperimentationwithwaterandgrainflour.Descendantsofthisearlybreadarestillcommonlymadefromvariousgrainsinmanypartsoftheworld,includinglavashs,taboons,sangaks,Mexicantortilla,Indianchapatis,rotisandnaans,Scottishoatcake,NorthAmericanjohnnycake,MiddleEasternpita,andEthiopianinjera.FlatbreadofthesetypesalsoformedastapleinthedietofmanyearlycivilizationswiththeSumerianseatingatypeofbarleyflatcake,andthe12thcenturyBCEgyptiansbeingabletopurchaseaflatbreadcalledtafromstallsinthevillagestreets.TheritualbreadinancientGreekofferingstothechthonicgods,knownaspsadistawasmadeoffineflour,oilandwine.

Prehistory

Theearliestarchaeologicalevidenceforflour,whichwaslikelyprocessedintoanunleavenedbread,datestotheUpperPalaeolithicinEurope,around30,000yearsago.[3]Duringthisperiodofhumanhistorycerealsconstitutedjustoneofmanyfoodsourcesexploitedbyhuntingandgathering;[4]palaeolithicEuropeandietswerebasedmainlyonanimalproteinsandfats.[3]CerealsandbreadbecameastaplefoodduringtheNeolithic,around10,000yearsago,whenwheatandbarleywereamongthefirstplantstobedomesticatedintheFertileCrescent.Wheat-basedagriculturespreadfromSouthwestAsiatoEurope,NorthAfricaandtheIndianSubcontinent.Inotherpartsoftheworldcerealssuchasrice(EastAsia),maize(theAmericas)andsorghum(sub-SaharanAfrica),whicharealsosometimesmadeintobread,wereindependentlydomesticatedandformedthebasisofalternativeagriculturalsystems.[5]Aroundtheworld,theshiftfromvariedhunter-gatherersubsistencetoagriculturaldietsbasedpredominantlyonacerealstaplesuchaswheatbreadmarkedanimportantturningpointinhumanhistory.Thoughinmanywaysnutritionallydeficientcomparedtohuntingandgathering,cerealcropsallowedagriculturalsocietiestosustainmuchlargerpopulationsthanhadpreviouslybeenpossible,whichinturnledtogreatereconomicspecialisation,socialcomplexityandeventuallytheriseofcivilisedstates.[6]

Thedevelopmentofleavenedbreadcanalsoprobablybetracedtoprehistorictimes.Yeastsporesoccureverywhere,includingthesurfaceofcerealgrains,soanydoughlefttorestwillbecomenaturallyleavened.[7]Althoughleaveningislikelyofprehistoricorigin,theearliestarchaeologicalevidenceisfromancientEgypt.ScanningelectronmicroscopyhasdetectedyeastcellsinsomeancientEgyptianloaves.However,ancientEgyptianbreadwasmadefromemmerwheatandhasadensecrumb.Incaseswhereyeastcellsarenotvisible,itisdifficult,byvisualexamination,todeterminewhetherthebreadwasleavened.Asaresult,theextenttowhichbreadwasleavenedinancientEgyptremainsuncertain.[8]

Theimportanceofbreadintheformationofearlyhumansocietiescannotbeoverstated.FromthewesternhalfofAsia,wherewheatwasdomesticated,cultivationspreadnorthandwest,toEuropeandNorthAfrica,andenabledhumanstobecomefarmersratherthanhuntersandforagers.Thisinturnledtotheformationoftowns,asopposedtothenomadiclifestyle,andgaverisetomoreandmoresophisticatedformsofsocietalorganization.SimilardevelopmentsoccurredineastermAsia,centeredonrice,andintheAmericaswithmaize.

[edit]Antiquity

Thereweremultiplesourcesofleaveningavailableforearlybread.Airborneyeastscouldbeharnessedbyleavinguncookeddoughexposedtoairforsometimebeforecooking.PlinytheElderreportedthattheGaulsandIberiansusedthefoamskimmedfrombeertoproducealighterkindofbreadthanotherpeoples.Partsoftheancientworldthatdrankwineinsteadofbeerusedapastecomposedofgrapemustandflourthatwasallowedtobeginfermenting,orwheatbransteepedinwine,asasourceforyeast.Themostcommonsourceofleaveninghoweverwastoretainapieceofdoughfromthepreviousdaytoutilizeasaformofsourdoughstarter.[9]

Theideaofafree-standingoventhatcouldbepre-heated,withadoorforaccess,appearstohavebeenaGreekone.[10]

Eveninantiquitytherewereawidevarietyofbreads.InancienttimestheGreekbreadwasbarleybread:Solondeclaredthatwheatenbreadmightonlybebakedforfeastdays.Bythe5thcenturybreadcouldbepurchasedinAthensfromabaker'sshop,andinRome,Greekbakersappearedinthe2ndcenturyBC,asHellenizedAsiaMinorwasaddedtoRomandominionastheprovinceofAsia;[11]theforeignbakersofbreadwerepermittedtoformacollegiumIntheDeipnosophistae,theauthorAthenaeus(c.A.D.170-c.230)describessomeofthebread,cakes,cookies,andpastriesavailableintheClassicalworld.[12]Amongthebreadsmentionedaregriddlecakes,honey-and-oilbread,mushroom-shapedloavescoveredinpoppyseeds,andthemilitaryspecialtyofrollsbakedonaspit.Thetypeandqualityoffloursusedtoproducebreadcouldalsovary,asnotedbyDiphiluswhenhedeclaredbreadmadeofwheat,ascomparedwiththatmadeofbarley,ismorenourishing,moredigestible,andineverywaysuperior.Inorderofmerit,thebreadmadefromrefined[thoroughlysieved]flourcomesfirst,afterthatbreadfromordinarywheat,andthentheunbolted,madeofflourthathasnotbeensifted.[13]Theessentialityofbreadinthedietwasreflectedinthenamefortherestofthemeal:ópson,condiment,i.e.bread'saccompaniment,whateveritmightbe.[14]

[edit]MiddleAges

Peasantssharingbread,fromtheLivreduroiModusetdelareineRatio,France,14thcentury.(Bibliothèquenationale)

InmedievalEurope,breadservednotonlyasastaplefoodbutalsoaspartofthetableservice.Inthestandardtablesettingofthedaythetrencher,apieceofstalebreadroughly6inchesby4inches(15cmby10cm),servedasanabsorbentplate.Atthecompletionofamealthetrenchercouldthenbeeaten,giventothepoor,orfedtothedogs.Itwasnotuntilthe15thcenturythattrenchersmadeofwoodstartedtoreplacethebreadvariety.[15]

[edit]Modernera

Theindustrializationofbread-bakingwasaformativestepinthecreationofthemodernworld.[16]OttoFrederickRohwedderisconsideredtobethefatherofslicedbread.In1912Rohwedderstartedworkoninventingamachinethatslicedbread,butbakerieswerereluctanttouseitsincetheywereconcernedtheslicedbreadwouldgostale.Itwasnotuntil1928,whenRohwedderinventedamachinethatbothslicedandwrappedthebread,thatslicedbreadcaughton.AbakeryinChillicothe,Missouriwasthefirsttousethismachinetoproduceslicedbread.

Forgenerations,whitebreadwasthepreferredbreadoftherichwhilethepooratedark(wholegrain)bread.However,inmostwesternsocieties,theconnotationsreversedinthelate20thcentury,withwholegrainbreadbecomingpreferredashavingsuperiornutritionalvaluewhilewhitebreadbecameassociatedwithlower-classignoranceofnutrition.[17]

Anothermajoradvancehappenedin1961withthedevelopmentoftheChorleywoodBreadProcesswhichusedtheintensemechanicalworkingofdoughtodramaticallyreducethefermentationperiodandthetimetakentoproducealoaf.Theprocess,whosehigh-energymixingallowsfortheuseofinferiorgrain,isnowwidelyusedaroundtheworldinlargefactories.Intotalcontrast,traditionalbreadmakingasseenforexampleinFrenchbakery,isextremelytime-consuming,asthedoughismixedwithyeastandrequiresseveralcyclesofkneadingandrestinginordertobecomereadyforbaking,andtoproducethedesiredflavorandtexture.

Morerecently,andespeciallyinsmallerretailbakeries,chemicaladditivesareusedthatbothspeedupmixingtimeandreducenecessaryfermentationtime,sothatabatchofbreadmaybemixed,madeup,risen,andbakedinlessthan3hours.Doughthatdoesnotrequirefermentationbecauseofchemicaladditivesiscalledno-timebreadbycommercialbakers.CommonadditivesincludereducingagentssuchasL-cysteineorsodiummetabisulfite,andoxidantssuchaspotassiumbromateorascorbicacid.[18]Oftenthesechemicalsareaddedtodoughintheformofaprepackagedbase,whichalsocontainsmostorallofthedough'snon-flouringredients.Usingsuchbasesandsophisticatedchemistry,ithasbeenpossibleforcommercialbakerstomakeimitationsofartisanandsourdoughbreads,traditionallymadebysemi-skilledlaborworkinginsmallershops.

Recently,domesticbreadmakersthatautomatetheprocessofmakingbreadhavebecomepopularinthehome.

面包的历史

历史的面包至少可以追溯到30,000年。第一个面包生产的可能熟的粮食粘贴版本,从烤和地面谷物和水制成,并可能已被偶然烹煮或面粉加水和粮食蓄意试验发展。这种早期面包后裔仍普遍制成各种谷物在世界许多地区,包括lavashs,taboons,sangaks,墨西哥的玉米饼,印度chapatis,rotis和naans,苏格兰燕麦饼,北美乔尼凯克,中东皮塔和埃塞俄比亚injera。类型单位的面包这些也形成了以主食在许多早期文明的饮食苏美尔人吃了蛋糕型大麦基本持平,而公元前12世纪埃及人能够购买面包名为街一个单位,从摊位达村在。[1]在仪式面包古希腊供养的闪灵神,psadista被称为是用细面,油,酒。[2]

史前史

最早的考古证据,面粉,这很可能是未经发酵加工成面包,可追溯至旧石器时代晚期在欧洲,大约3万年前。[3]在此期间,谷物构成人类历史是许多刚刚利用采购食物和狩猎聚会;[4]欧洲旧石器时代的饮食主要是基于对动物蛋白质和脂肪。[3]谷物和面包成了主食,在新石器时代,约1万年前,当小麦和大麦植株中第一个被驯化的新月沃土。小麦为主西南地区农业蔓延到欧洲,北美,非洲和印度次大陆。在世界其他地区的谷物,如大米(东亚),玉米(美洲)和高粱(撒哈拉以南非洲),这有时也被制成面包,独立地驯化,形成了系统的基础替代农业。[5]在世界各地,从不同的生活转变狩猎采集到农业在人类历史上一个主要的饲料谷物,如小麦主食面包标记点的一个重要转折点。虽然在许多方面营养的缺乏相比,狩猎和采集社会谷类作物让农业人口较多,以维持更比原先可能,从而带来更大的经济专业化,社会的复杂性,最终的兴起,文明的国家。[6]

酵的面包的发展也很可能可以追溯到史前时代。酵母孢子发生无处不在,包括颗粒表面的谷物,所以任何面团左其余部分将成为自然发酵。[7]虽然膨松可能是史前的起源,最早的考古证据是从古代埃及。扫描电子显微镜检测到埃及的面包酵母细胞在一些古老的。但是古埃及的面包是从二粒小麦,具有致密碎屑。在情况下酵母细胞中不可见,它是困难的,通过视觉检查,以确定是否酵饼。因此在何种程度上是古代酵面包在埃及仍然不明朗。[8]

面包的在早期人类社会形成的重要性怎么强调也不过分。从亚洲其中小麦被驯化,栽培北部和西部蔓延,西半部到欧洲和北非,以及使人类能够成为猎人和觅食,而不是农民。这反过来又导致了城镇的形成,相对于游牧的生活方式,产生了复杂的形式的社会组织越来越多。类似的发展发生在中下游地区,集中在大米,并在美洲的玉米。

古代

有早期的发酵面包可供多个来源。酵母菌可以开发利用机载留生面团暴露在空气中一段时间才能烹调。老普林尼报道,高卢和伊比利亚用于生产啤酒的泡沫撇去了“一人轻于其他种面包。”各部件的古代世界,喝葡萄酒而不是啤酒贴组成一个用葡萄汁和面粉被允许开始发酵,或麦麸沉浸在酒酵母,作为一个来源。但是大部分的膨松普遍的来源是要保留天前的一块面团利用作为一种形式酵母启动。[9]的,理想中的独立的烤箱可预先加热,门上一个Access似乎已经是一个希腊之一。[10]

即使在古代有各种各样的面包。在古代希腊的大麦面包,面包是:梭伦宣布小麦面包烘烤可能只有几天的盛宴。到了公元5世纪面包可以购买在雅典一家面包店店,并在罗马,希腊的面包师出现在公元前2世纪,作为希腊化小亚细亚加入统治的罗马亚省;[11]面包师的外国面包被允许形成collegium在Deipnosophistae,笔者阿特纳奥斯(cAD170-c.230)描述了一些面包,蛋糕,饼干和糕点在世界上现有的经典。[12]其中提到面包的烤盘蛋糕,蜂蜜和油面包,罂粟种子覆盖蘑菇形饼,卷上的烤吐军事专业。不同的类型和质量也用于生产面包粉可以,所指出的Diphilus当他宣布“小麦制成的面包,作为比较,提出,与大麦,现在是,在各方面都优于更滋润,更易消化。“在勋章的,面包制成的面粉精制[彻底过筛]至上,在这之后,从普通小麦面包,然后拔去门闩的,面粉制成的尚未过筛。“[13]饮食中的面包的必要性反映在餐名称为其余的:ópson,“调味品”,即面包的伴奏,无论它可能是。[14]

中世纪

农民分享面包,从作案的投资回报率等利夫雷杜赖因德拉比,法国,14世纪。(国家图书馆)

在中世纪的欧洲,面包担任不仅作为主食,而且作为服务的一部分表。在标准表日成立了的挖沟机,一块干面包大约6英寸,4英寸(15厘米10厘米)板吸收,担任过。在一餐完成挖沟机便可以吃,给穷人,或喂养的狗。但直到15世纪的木材制成的挖沟机开始取代面包品种。[15]

现代时代

烘烤的面包工业化,是一个世界。逐步形成的现代创作中[16]奥托冯Rohwedder被认为是对父亲的切片面包。1912年Rohwedder开始发明一种机器,切片面包的工作,但面包房不愿意使用它,因为他们关注的切片面包会去陈旧。直到1928年,Rohwedder发明了这两个切片和包装的面包,这面包切片机上捕获。阿奇利科西面包店,密苏里州是第一个使用这种机器生产切片面包。

世世代代白面包是首选的丰富而穷人吃面包黑(全麦)面包。但是在大多数西方社会的内涵扭转了20世纪后期面包,全麦成为首选,因为具有优良的营养价值,同时成为白面包营养与较低的阶层的无知。[17]

另一项重大进展与发生在1961年的发展过程乔利伍德面包的面团用激烈的机械加工,大大降低了发酵周期和面包所需的时间来生产。这个过程中其高能量的混合使用使劣质粮食,现已广泛周围的世界大工厂使用。在完全相反传统的面包看在法国面包店的例子,是非常耗时,因为面团混合酵母和揉和休息需要几个周期才能成为准备烘烤,并产生预期的味道和纹理。

最近特别是在较小的零售面包店,化学添加剂,使用这两个时间加快,减少必要的混合发酵时间,从而使面包,可混批,分项,上升,几小时烤小于3。面团不需要因为被称为“无时间的面包”,由商业贝克斯化学添加剂发酵。常见的添加剂包括:减少代理商等为L-半胱氨酸或焦亚硫酸钠,并作为氧化剂如溴酸钾或抗坏血酸。[18]通常,这些化学物质添加到面团中的基本形式预先包装,其中还包含大部分或所有的面团的非面粉成分。使用这样的基地和先进的化学,它有可能为商业贝克斯使传统上由半熟练劳动力在小商店工作的工匠和酵母制成面包,模仿。

近日国内面包机过程的自动化,面包制作已成为热门的家。

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