霍金的简介英文版

　　斯蒂芬威廉霍金，英国剑桥大学著名物理学家，20世纪享有国际盛誉的伟人之一，下面是我为你整理的霍金的简介英文版，希望对你有用!

　　斯蒂芬威廉霍金简介　　StephenWilliamHawking,borninOxford,EnglandonJanuary8,1942,wonCH(BritishLordofHonor),CBE(BritishEmpireCommanderMedal),FRS(RoyalSocietyMember),FRSA(BritishRoyalArtAssociationmembers)andotherhonors.HeisafamousphysicistatCambridgeUniversity,oneofthegreatestphysicistsofmoderntimesandoneofthegreatmenofthe20thcentury.

　　Hesuffersfrommuscularatrophiclateralsclerosis(Luganle'sdisease),generalizedparalysis,cannotspeak,handonlythreefingerscanbeactive.

　　From1979to2009,hewasaprofessorofmathematicsatLucas.HewasthemostrespectedprofessorinBritain.Hawking'smainresearchfieldiscosmologyandblackhole,whichprovesthesingularitytheoremandblackholeareatheoremofgeneralrelativity,andputsforwardtheblackholeevaporationtheoryandtheboundlessHawkingcosmicmodel.Intheprocessofunifyingthetwobasictheoriesofphysicsinthe20thcentury,EinsteinfoundedthetheoryofrelativityandPlanck'squantummechanicstocreateanimportantstepforward.

　　斯蒂芬威廉霍金主要成就　　StephenWilliamHawking'sresearchlaidthegroundworkfortoday'sunderstandingoftheblackholeandtheoriginoftheuniverse,butaccordingtohimself,hesaidthathewasintheanimatedTheSimpsonsandthesciencefictionepisodeStarTrek:NextGeneration(StarTrek:TheNextGeneration)isalsowonderful.

　　HawkingemphasizesthattheuniversedoesnotneedaCreatororGodintheGreatDesign,philosophyisdead,whichmeansthatmankindwillbedetachedfromignorantself-slavery,denyingthatpurephilosophyandreligioncanreallyexplainNaturally,italsoshowsthatthemajorreligionsareonlytheancientspiritualworldtoexploretheunknown,thepursuitofimmortalsystem,ratherthantheobjectivetruth.Withtheprogressofthetimes,humancivilizationisalsocatchup,notfarbehind,whichiswhygenerationsofpeopleofinsighttotheexistenceoflifeandthemeaningoftheuniverse.Tosolvethesepropositionsshouldhavebeenthetaskofthephilosopher,butunfortunatelythehighlydevelopedsciencemakesthephilosophycannotkeepup.Hawkinginthebigdesignoftheopeningthatphilosophyisdeadisthemeaning.

　　Hawkinghopestosolvethemysteryofthebirthoftheuniverse,the1970s,Hawkingquantummechanicsappliedtoexplainthephenomenonofblackhole,inthenext30years,withquantummechanicstoexplaintheuniversehasbecomemoredifficult.Hawkingwantedtofindasetoftheoriesthatcouldexplaintheuniverseasawholetoillustratethebirthofthe13.7billionyearsoftheuniverseuntilnow,butithasnotbeenconcludedforyearsevenifitisinfinitelyclose.Accordingtohistheoryofquantummechanics,thebirthoftheuniverseisthebigbangproduced,whichisacompressedinfinitelysmallbutwithlargegravityofthematerial(alsocanbeunderstoodasthedensityofinfinite)explosionproducts.Thetheoreticalcategoryofquantummechanicscannotexplainhowthisprocessisgoingtobedone.Whyisitso?Hawkingsaysthatmusthaveatheorythatcandescribesmall-scalegravity.

　　ThelatestscientificbreakthroughisHawking'scolleague,MichaelSmithofLondon'sQueenMary'sCollege(Michael.Green)involvedintheconstructionofthesuperstringtheory,referredtoasstringtheory,whichstatesthatallparticlesandnaturalforcesareactuallyinshockIntheuniverselikeasmallobject,tosolvetheHawkinghasalwayswantedtotrytoanswerthegravityproblem,thistheorymustbeestablishedintheuniversemusthave9,10orevengreaterthan11dimensions,andhumanbeingsinthethree-dimensionalworldmayonlyOneoftherealonesoftheuniverse...

　　AlargenumberofscientistsaroundtheworldaredoingexperimentsinspaceandearthtoprovestringtheoryandfromexperimentstosupportHawking'sblackholetheoryandquantumtheory.January24,2014,thefamousBritishscientistProfessorStephenHawkingonceagainwithitsblackhole-relatedtheoryshockedthephysics,inarecentlypublishedpaperadmittedthatblackholedoesnotexist,butgrayholeindeedexist.InapaperentitledInformationPreservationandWeatherForecastingForBlackHoles,Hawkingpointsoutthatblackholesdonotexistbecausetheycannotfindtheboundariesofblackholes.Inordertosolvethefirewallprobleminthenewtheorysetblackholedoesnotexist,itdoesnotreallydonotexist.Theblackholeoftheboundary,alsoknownasthehorizon,theclassicblackholetheorythattheblackholeoutsidethematerialandradiationcanentertheblackholethroughthehorizon,andanymaterialandradiationwithintheblackholecannotwearouthorizons.

　　Hawking'slatestgrayholetheorythatmaterialandenergyintheblackholetrappedafteraperiodoftime,willbere-releasedintotheuniverse.Headmittedinhisessaythathisinitialknowledgeofthehorizonwasflawed,andthatlightcouldcrossthehorizon.Whenthelightfliestheblackholecore,itsmovementislikeapersonrunningonatreadmill,slowlythroughtheoutwardradiationandshrink.Theclassicalblackholetheoryarguesthatanymatterandradiationcannotescapetheblackhole,andquantummechanicssuggeststhatenergyandinformationcanescapefromtheblackhole.HawkingalsopointedoutthattheinterpretationofthisescapeprocessrequiresagravityAndotherbasicforcesofsuccessfulintegrationofthetheory.Inthepasthundredyears,nooneinphysicshastriedtoexplainthisprocess.

　　ForHawking'sgrayholetheory,somescientistsexpressedapproval,itwasskeptical.JosephPolchinski,atheoreticalphysicistattheCubanInstituteofTheoreticalPhysics,pointsoutthataccordingtoEinstein'stheoryofgravity,theboundaryoftheblackholeispresent,butitdiffersfromtherestoftheuniverseNotobvious.Infact,asearlyas2004,Hawkinghadmadeasimilarstatement.OnJuly21ofthatyear,Hawkingpointedoutatthe17thInternationalSymposiumonGeneralTheoryofRelativityandGravitationthattheBlackHolewasnotcompletelyswallowedaroundit,asheandmostotherphysicistshadpreviouslythought,Someoftheinformationthatissuckedintothedepthsoftheblackholemaybereleasedatsomepoint.

　　In1973,Hawkingsaidhecalculatedbytheconclusionthattheblackholeintheformationoftheprocessofitsqualityreduction,butalsocontinuetobeintheformofenergytotheoutsideworldradiation.ThisisthefamousHawkingradiationtheory,thetheorymentionedintheblackholeradiationdoesnotincludetheblackholeinsidethematerialofanyinformation,oncetheblackholeisconcentratedandevaporateddisappear,allofwhichinformationwilldisappear,whichistheso-calledTheblackholeparadox.Thistheoryandquantummechanicsoftherelevanttheoriesappearcontradictory.Becausemodernquantumphysicsfindsthatthismaterialinformationisnevercompletelygone.

　　Formorethan30years,Hawkingtriedtoexplainthiscontradictoryviewwithvariousspeculations.Hawkinghassaidthatthequantummovementoftheblackholeisaspecialcase,becausethegravityintheblackholeisverystrong,quantummechanicsatthistimeisnolongerapplicable.Hawking'sargumentdoesnotconvincethescientificcommunityofskepticalscholars.ItnowappearsthatHawkingfinallygavethisyear'scontradictoryviewofamoreconvincinganswer.Hawkingsaidtheblackholenevercompletelyshutitself-Hawkingradiation,theyinalongperiodoftimegraduallytotheoutsideworldtoradiatemoreandmoreheat,thentheblackholewilleventuallyopenthemselvesandreleasethematerialcontainedintheinformation.

　　OnAugust16,1616,JeffSteinhauer,aprofessorattheIsraelInstituteofTechnologyinHaifa,provedthequantumeffectofHawkingradiationinapaperpublishedinthejournalNaturePhysics.Hemadeasoundblackholeinsteadofalightblackhole,usingalongtubewithsoundparticles,thephononhorizon.In2014,ProfessorSteinhallfoundthatthephonemeswererandomlygeneratedinthehorizon.Inhislatestresults,Steinhouseprovedthatthesephononswereoneofapairofrelatedphonons,thusprovingthequantumeffectofHawkingradiation.

　　斯蒂芬威廉霍金社会活动　　April12,2016,thefamousBritishphysicistStephenHawkinginNewYorkNewWorldTradeCenterObservatoryannouncedaplancalledbreakthroughstarplan,withtheRussianbusinessmanYuriMilner,theUSsocialnetworkingsiteFacebookFounderZuckerbergcollaboratedtobuildanewspaceexplorationproject,buildalargenumberofminiatureinterplanetaryspaceshipsandlaunchthemathalfthespeedoflighttotheCentaurAlphaStar.ThedaywasthesixthinternationalmannedspacedayestablishedbytheUnitedNationsandthe55thanniversaryofthefirstmannedspaceflight.

　　MilnersaidatapressconferencethattheinitialinvestmentintheBreakthroughStarprogramwouldbe$100milliontodevelopaminiatureinterplanetaryspacecraftusinglaserpropulsionandtoflytoCentauriinthecurrentgenerationoftimeStarofthetarget.

　　Accordingtoreports,planstobuildaminiatureinterstellarspacecraftcallednano-aircraft,whichconsistsofastarcomputerchipasahull.Milneratthepressconferencetoshowthestaroftheoriginalproduct.Thechipisonlytwoorthreecentimeterssquare,afewgramsofweight,butintegratedcamera,photonthruster,navigationandtransmissioncomponents,isacompletespaceexplorationfunctionoftheaircraft,andmanufacturingcostsonlyequivalenttoaniPhone.

　　Thechipwillbeinstalledonthenameoflightsailoftheultra-materialclothPeng,throughthegroundtolaunchhigh-energylaserpowertopromote,lightsailcanabsorblaserenergy,drivenbymicro-spacecraftforward.Becausethequalityofthespacecraftisverysmall,thereisalmostnoresistanceinspace,inthecontinuousaccelerationofthelaser,thetheoreticalcalculationshowsitsspeeduptoonefifthofthespeedoflight.Ifsuccessful,thiswillallowthespacecrafttoarriveneartheEarthforabout20years4.37light-year-oldCentaurianAlphaStarnear.CentaurAlphaStarisoneofthecloseststarsfromthesolarsystem,buttheexistingfastestspacecraftalsoneedtospend30,000yearstoflythere.

　　Today,wearedeterminedtotakeabigstepforwardinexploringtheuniverse,Hawkingsaidatthepressconference,becausewearehumanbeings,longingforflyingisournature.

　　Chineseexperts:Hawking'sspacecraftisstillsciencefiction