托福TPO7阅读原文及参考答案Part1

　　托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO1阅读文本及题目答案Part2，希望大家喜欢。

托福TPO7阅读原文Part1

　　TheGeologicHistoryoftheMediterranean

　　In1970geologistsKennethJ.HsuandWilliamB.F.RyanwerecollectingresearchdatawhileaboardtheoceanographicresearchvesselGlomarChallenger.AnobjectiveofthisparticularcruisewastoinvestigatetheflooroftheMediterraneanandtoresolvequestionsaboutitsgeologichistory.Onequestionwasrelatedtoevidencethattheinvertebratefauna(animalswithoutspines)oftheMediterraneanhadchangedabruptlyabout6millionyearsago.Mostoftheolderorganismswerenearlywipedout,althoughafewhardyspeciessurvived.AfewmanagedtomigrateintotheAtlantic.Somewhatlater,themigrantsreturned,bringingnewspecieswiththem.Whydidthenearextinctionandmigrationsoccur?

　　AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallenger'sscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?

　　Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.OnAugust23,1970,theyrecoveredasample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesofhardenedsedimentthathadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud,aswellasgranulesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedaysfollowing,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.AstheydrilledintothecentralanddeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbeddedwiththesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.

　　Thetimehadcometoformulateahypothesis.Theinvestigatorstheorizedthatabout20millionyearsago,theMediterraneanwasabroadseawaylinkedtotheAtlanticbytwonarrowstraits.Crustalmovementsclosedthestraits,andthelandlockedMediterraneanbegantoevaporate.Increasingsalinitycausedbytheevaporationresultedintheexterminationofscoresofinvertebratespecies.Onlyafeworganismsespeciallytolerantofverysaltyconditionsremained.Asevaporationcontinued,theremainingbrine(saltwater)becamesodensethatthecalciumsulfateofthehardlayerwasprecipitated.Inthecentraldeeperpartofthebasin,thelastofthebrineevaporatedtoprecipitatemoresolublesodiumchloride(salt).Later,undertheweightofoverlyingsediments,thissaltflowedplasticallyupwardtoformsaltdomes.Beforethishappened,however,theMediterraneanwasavastdesert3,000metersdeep.Then,about5.5millionyearsagocamethedeluge.Asaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaulting,theStraitofGibraltar,wheretheMediterraneannowconnectstotheAtlantic,opened,andwatercascadedspectacularlybackintotheMediterranean.Turbulentwaterstoreintothehardenedsaltflats,brokethemup,andgroundthemintothepebblesobservedinthefirstsampletakenbytheChallenger.Asthebasinwasrefilled,normalmarineorganismsreturned.Soonlayerofoceanicoozebegantoaccumulateabovetheoldhardlayer.

　　Thesaltandgypsum,thefaunalchanges,andtheunusualgravelprovidedabundantevidencethattheMediterraneanwasonceadesert.

　　gypsum:amineralmadeofcalciumsulfateandwater

　　Paragraph1:In1970geologistsKennethJ.HsuandWilliamB.F.RyanwerecollectingresearchdatawhileaboardtheoceanographicresearchvesselGlomarChallenger.AnobjectiveofthisparticularcruisewastoinvestigatetheflooroftheMediterraneanandtoresolvequestionsaboutitsgeologichistory.Onequestionwasrelatedtoevidencethattheinvertebratefauna(animalswithoutspines)oftheMediterraneanhadchangedabruptlyabout6millionyearsago.Mostoftheolderorganismswerenearlywipedout,althoughafewhardyspeciessurvived.AfewmanagedtomigrateintotheAtlantic.Somewhatlater,themigrantsreturned,bringingnewspecieswiththem.Whydidthenearextinctionandmigrationsoccur?

　　托福TPO7阅读题目Part1

　　1.Thewordobjectiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　○achievement

　　○requirement

　　○purpose

　　○feature

　　2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asachangethatoccurredinthefaunaoftheMediterranean?

　　○Mostinvertebratespeciesdisappearedduringawaveofextinctions.

　　○AfewhardyspecieswipedoutmanyoftheMediterranean'sinvertebrates.

　　○SomeinvertebratesmigratedtoAtlanticOcean.

　　○NewspeciesoffaunapopulatedtheMediterraneanwhentheoldmigrantsreturned.

　　Paragraph3:Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.OnAugust23,1970,theyrecoveredasample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesofhardenedsedimentthathadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud,aswellasgranulesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedaysfollowing,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.AstheydrilledintothecentralanddeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbeddedwiththesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.

　　3.WhatdoestheauthorimplybysayingNotasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthe

　　pebblescamefromthenearbycontinent?

　　○Themostobviousexplanationfortheoriginofthepebbleswasnotsupportedbytheevidence.

　　○Thegeologistsdidnotfindasmanypebblesastheyexpected.

　　○Thegeologistswerelookingforaparticularkindofpebble.

　　○Thedifferentpebblescouldnothavecomefromonlyonesource.

　　4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthesolidgypsumlayer?

　　○Itdidnotcontainanymarinefossil.

　　○Ithadformedinopen-oceanconditions.

　　○Ithadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud.

　　○Itcontainedsedimentfromnearbydeserts.

　　5.SelecttheTWOanswerchoicefromparagraph3thatidentifymaterialsdiscoveredinthedeepestpartoftheMediterraneanbasin.ToreceivecredityoumustselectTWOanswers.

　　○Volcanicrockfragments.

　　○Thinsiltlayers

　　○Soft,deep-seamud

　　○Crystallinesalt

　　6.Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph3?

　　○TodescribethephysicalevidencecollectedbyHsuandRyan

　　○ToexplainwhysomeofthequestionsposedearlierinthepassagecouldnotbeansweredbythefindingsoftheGlomarChallenger

　　○ToevaluatetechniquesusedbyHsuandRyantoexploretheseafloor

　　○TodescribethemostdifficultproblemsfacedbytheGlomarChallengerexpedition

　　Paragraph4:Thetimehadcometoformulateahypothesis.Theinvestigatorstheorizedthatabout20millionyearsago,theMediterraneanwasabroadseawaylinkedtotheAtlanticbytwonarrowstraits.Crustalmovementsclosedthestraits,andthelandlockedMediterraneanbegantoevaporate.Increasingsalinitycausedbytheevaporationresultedintheexterminationofscoresofinvertebratespecies.Onlyafeworganismsespeciallytolerantofverysaltyconditionsremained.Asevaporationcontinued,theremainingbrine(saltwater)becamesodensethatthecalciumsulfateofthehardlayerwasprecipitated.Inthecentraldeeperpartofthebasin,thelastofthebrineevaporatedtoprecipitatemoresolublesodiumchloride(salt).Later,undertheweightofoverlyingsediments,thissaltflowedplasticallyupwardtoformsaltdomes.Beforethishappened,however,theMediterraneanwasavastdesert3,000metersdeep.Then,about5.5millionyearsagocamethedeluge.Asaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaulting,theStraitofGibraltar,wheretheMediterraneannowconnectstotheAtlantic,opened,andwatercascadedspectacularlybackintotheMediterranean.Turbulentwaterstoreintothehardenedsaltflats,brokethemup,andgroundthemintothepebblesobservedinthefirstsampletakenbytheChallenger.Asthebasinwasrefilled,normalmarineorganismsreturned.Soonlayerofoceanicoozebegantoaccumulateabovetheoldhardlayer.

　　7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingwasresponsiblefortheevaporationoftheMediterranean'swaters?

　　○ThemovementsofEarth'scrust

　　○Theaccumulationofsedimentlayers

　　○ChangesinthewaterleveloftheAtlanticOcean

　　○ChangesinEarth'stemperature

　　8.Thewordscoresinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　○members

　　○largenumbers

　　○populations

　　○differenttypes

　　9.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatcausedmostinvertebratespeciesintheMediterraneantobecomeextinct?

　　○Theevaporationofchemicalsnecessaryfortheirsurvival

　　○CrustalmovementsthatconnectedtheMediterraneantothesaltierAtlantic

　　○Themigrationofnewspeciesthroughthenarrowstraits

　　○TheirinabilitytotoleratetheincreasingsaltcontentoftheMediterranean

　　10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

　　○ThestraitofGibraltarreopenedwhentheMediterraneanandtheAtlanticbecameconnectedandthecascadesofwaterfromoneseatotheothercausedcrustaladjustmentsandfaulting.

　　○TheMediterraneanwasdramaticallyrefilledbywaterfromtheAtlanticwhencrustaladjustmentsandfaultingopenedtheStraitofGibraltar,theplacewherethetwoseasarejoined.

　　○ThecascadesofwaterfromtheAtlantictotheMediterraneanwerenotasspectacularasthecrustaladjustmentsandfaultingthatoccurredwhentheStraitofGibraltarwasconnectedtothoseseas.

　　○AsaresultofcrustaladjustmentsandfaultingandthecreationoftheStraitofGibraltar,theAtlanticandMediterraneanwereconnectedandbecameasingleseawithspectacularcascadesofwaterbetweenthem.

　　11.ThewordTurbulentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　○Fresh

　　○Deep

　　○Violent

　　○Temperate

　　Paragraph2■AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallenger'sscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.■Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.■WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?■

　　12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

　　Thus,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomesbutnotabouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.

　　Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

　　13.Direction:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

　　AnexpeditiontotheMediterraneanansweredsomelong-standingquestionsabouttheocean'shistory.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answerchoices

　　○TheGlomarChallengerexpeditioninvestigatedchangesininvertebratefaunaandsomeunusualgeologicfeatures.

　　○ResearcherscollectedfossilstodeterminewhichnewspeciesmigratedfromtheAtlanticwitholderspecies.

　　○ScientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerwerethefirsttodiscovertheexistenceofdomelikemassesunderneaththeseafloor.

　　○Samplesrecoveredfromtheexpeditionrevealedimportantdifferencesinchemicalcompositionandfossildistributionamongthesedimentlayers.

　　○EvidencecollectedbytheGlomarChallengersupportsgeologists'beliefsthattheMediterraneanhadevaporatedandbecomeadesert,beforeitrefilledwithwater.

　　○MediterraneansaltdomesformedaftercrustalmovementsopenedthestraitsbetweentheMediterraneanandtheAtlantic,andtheMediterraneanrefilledwithwater.

　　托福TPO7阅读答案Part1

　　参考答案：

　　1.○3

　　2.○2

　　3.○1

　　4.○1

　　5.○2,4

　　6.○1

　　7.○1

　　8○2

　　9.○4

　　10.○2

　　11.○3

　　12.○3

　　13.TheGlomarChallenger

　　Samplesrecoveredfrom

　　Evidencecollectedby

　　托福TPO7阅读原文翻译Part1

　　参考翻译：地中海的地质历史

　　1970年，地理学家KennethJ.Hsu和WilliamB.F.Ryan在海洋调查船GlomarChallenger号上收集调研资料。这次特别巡航的一个目的是调查地中海的地层以及解决关于其地质历史的问题。其中一个问题是有关地中海地区无脊椎动物(没有脊椎的动物)于600万年前发生剧变的证据。大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了，尽管一些顽强的种类得以生存。很少的一些动物成功地迁移到了大西洋。不久后这些动物又回来了，并带回来新的物种。为什么这次较近的动物灭绝和迁移会发生呢?

　　GlomarChallenger号上科学家们的另一个任务是尝试去确定深埋在地中海海底穹顶状巨块的起源。这些结构在早些年被回声探测器探测过，但是它们从未被钻探过。它们是像美国墨西哥海湾海岸一带的含盐穹顶状巨块吗?如果是的话，为什么在地中海海底之下会有这么多固体的结晶盐呢?

　　带着这些清楚摆在他们面前的问题，科学家们登上GlomarChallenger号前往地中海寻找答案。1970年8月23日，他们找到了一个样本。这个样本由石膏块和火山岩碎块组成。周围没有发现一块能说明这些小石头来自附近的大陆。接下来的日子里，随着海底岩层钻探实验的进行，固体石膏样本被不断地放在甲板上。而且这些膏状物的组成和结构特性表明它们形成于沙漠。在石膏层上下的沉积物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，说明了这是开放性的海洋环境。当钻到地中海盆地中心的最深处时，科学家们从钻管中获得了坚实的、光亮的结晶盐。跟结晶盐嵌在一起的薄层像是被风吹起的泥沙层。

　　时间阐明了一个假设。调查者们构思了这样的理论：大约2000万年前，地中海是一条宽阔的航道，它通过两条狭窄的海峡与大西洋连接。地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。由蒸发引起的越来越高的盐度造成无脊椎动物种类的灭绝。只有一些能抵抗高盐度条件的物种保留下来。随着蒸发的继续进行，盐水浓度太高以致硬地层的硫酸钙发生沉淀。在盆地的中间深处，剩余盐水的持续蒸发形成更多的可溶的氯化钠(盐)。后来在上层沉淀物的重压下，盐向上形成了含盐的圆顶。但是在这之前，地中海是一个3000米深的大沙漠。然后550万年前发生了洪水。作为地壳调整和断层作用的结果，现在连接地中海和大西洋的直布罗陀海峡打开了，水流像瀑布一样壮观地涌回地中海。湍急的水流冲击并摧毁了坚硬的含盐层，把它们磨成了Challenger号获得的第一份样本中人们所观察到的鹅卵石。随着盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回来了。不久后海洋软泥层开始在原先的硬地层上堆积。

　　盐、石膏、动物区系的变更，还有不寻常的沙砾层都为地中海曾经是片沙漠的理论提供了充分的证据。

托福TPO7阅读原文及参考答案Part1相关文章：