工业设计论文摘要翻译成英文
Industrialdesignisanappliedartwherebytheaestheticsandusabilityofmass-producedproductsmaybeimprovedformarketabilityandproduction.TheroleofanIndustrialDesigneristocreateandexecutedesignsolutionstowardsproblemsofform,usability,userergonomics,engineering,marketing,branddevelopmentandsales.
ThetermindustrialdesignisoftenattributedtothedesignerJosephClaudeSinelin1919(althoughhehimselfdenieditinlaterinterviews)butthedisciplinepredatesthatbyatleastadecade.Itsoriginslayintheindustrializationofconsumerproducts.ForinstancetheDeutscherWerkbund,foundedin1907andaprecursortotheBauhaus,wasastate-sponsoredefforttointegratetraditionalcraftsandindustrialmass-productiontechniques,toputGermanyonacompetitivefootingwithEnglandandtheUnitedStates.
Definitionofindustrialdesign
WaterkettledesignedbyPeterBehrensin1909
ABraunstereo
VoxPhantomguitar,1962GeneralIndustrialDesignersareacrossbetweenanengineerandanartist.Theystudybothfunctionandform,andtheconnectionbetweenproductandtheuser.Theydonotdesignthegearsormotorsthatmakemachinesmove,orthecircuitsthatcontrolthemovement,buttheycanaffecttechnicalaspectsthroughusabilitydesignandformrelationships.Andusually,theypartnerwithengineersandmarketers,toidentifyandfulfillneeds,wantsandexpectations.
InDepthIndustrialDesign(ID)istheprofessionalserviceofcreatinganddevelopingconceptsandspecificationsthatoptimizethefunction,valueandappearanceofproductsandsystemsforthemutualbenefitofbothuserandmanufactureraccordingtotheIDSA(IndustrialDesignersSocietyofAmerica).
Design,itself,isoftendifficulttodefinetonon-designersbecausethemeaningacceptedbythedesigncommunityisnotonemadeofwords.Instead,thedefinitioniscreatedasaresultofacquiringacriticalframeworkfortheanalysisandcreationofartifacts.Oneofthemanyaccepted(butintentionallyunspecific)definitionsofdesignoriginatesfromCarnegieMellon'sSchoolofDesign,Designistheprocessoftakingsomethingfromitsexistingstateandmovingittoapreferredstate.Thisappliestonewartifacts,whoseexistingstateisundefinedandpreviouslycreatedartifacts,whosestatestandstobeimproved.
Accordingtothe(CharteredSocietyofDesigners)designisaforcethatdeliversinnovationthatinturnhasexploitedcreativity.TheirdesignframeworkknownastheDesignGeneticMatrix(TM)determinesasetofcompetencesin4keygenesthatareidentifiedtodefinethemakeupofdesignersandcommunicatetoawideaudiencewhattheydo.Withinthesegenesthedesignerdemonstratesthecorecompetencesofadesignerandspecificcompetencesdeterminethedesignerasan'industrialdesigner'.Thisisnormallywithinthecontextofdeliveringinnovationintheformofathreedimensionalproductthatisproducedinquantity.Howeverthedefinitionalsoextendstoproductsthathavebeenproducedusinganindustrialprocess.
AccordingtotheICSID,(InternationalCouncilofSocietiesofIndustrialDesign)Designisacreativeactivitywhoseaimistoestablishthemulti-facetedqualitiesofobjects,processes,servicesandtheirsystemsinwholelife-cycles.Therefore,designisthecentralfactorofinnovativehumanizationoftechnologiesandthecrucialfactorofculturalandeconomicexchange.
Processofdesign
Althoughtheprocessofdesignmaybeconsidered'creative',manyanalyticalprocessesalsotakeplace.Infact,manyindustrialdesignersoftenusevariousdesignmethodologiesintheircreativeprocess.Someoftheprocessesthatarecommonlyusedareuserresearch,sketching,comparativeproductresearch,modelmaking,prototypingandtesting.Theseprocessescanbechronological,orasbestdefinedbythedesignersand/orotherteammembers.IndustrialDesignersoftenutilize3Dsoftware,Computer-aidedindustrialdesignandCADprogramstomovefromconcepttoproduction.Productcharacteristicsspecifiedbytheindustrialdesignermayincludetheoverallformoftheobject,thelocationofdetailswithrespecttooneanother,colors,texture,sounds,andaspectsconcerningtheuseoftheproductergonomics.Additionallytheindustrialdesignermayspecifyaspectsconcerningtheproductionprocess,choiceofmaterialsandthewaytheproductispresentedtotheconsumeratthepointofsale.Theuseofindustrialdesignersinaproductdevelopmentprocessmayleadtoaddedvaluesbyimprovedusability,loweredproductioncostsandmoreappealingproducts.However,someclassicindustrialdesignsareconsideredasmuchworksofartasworksofengineering:theiPod,theJeep,theFenderStratocaster,theCokebottle,andtheVWBeetlearefrequently-citedexamples.
Industrialdesignalsohasafocusontechnicalconcepts,productsandprocesses.Inadditiontoconsideringaesthetics,usability,andergonomics,itcanalsoencompasstheengineeringofobjects,usefulnessaswellasusability,marketplacement,andotherconcernssuchasseduction,psychology,desire,andtheemotionalattachmentoftheusertotheobject.Thesevaluesandaccompanyingaspectsonwhichindustrialdesignisbasedcanvary,bothbetweendifferentschoolsofthoughtandamongpracticingdesigners.
Productdesignandindustrialdesigncanoverlapintothefieldsofuserinterfacedesign,informationdesignandinteractiondesign.Variousschoolsofindustrialdesignand/orproductdesignmayspecializeinoneoftheseaspects,rangingfrompureartcolleges(productstyling)tomixedprogramsofengineeringanddesign,torelateddisciplineslikeexhibitdesignandinteriordesign,toschoolswhereaestheticdesignisalmostcompletelysubordinatedtoconcernsoffunctionandergonomicsofuse(theso-calledfunctionalistschool)。
Industrialdesignrights
Industrialdesignrightsareintellectualpropertyrightsthatprotectthevisualdesignofobjectsthatarenotpurelyutilitarian.Anindustrialdesignconsistsofthecreationofashape,configurationorcompositionofpatternorcolor,orcombinationofpatternandcolorinthreedimensionalformcontainingaestheticvalue.Anindustrialdesigncanbeatwo-orthree-dimensionalpatternusedtoproduceaproduct,industrialcommodityorhandicraft.
UndertheHagueAgreementConcerningtheInternationalDepositofIndustrialDesigns,aWIPO-administeredtreaty,aprocedureforaninternationalregistrationexists.AnapplicantcanfileforasingleinternationaldepositwithWIPOorwiththenationalofficeinacountrypartytothetreaty.Thedesignwillthenbeprotectedinasmanymembercountriesofthetreatyasdesired.DesignrightsstartedintheUnitedKingdomin1787withtheDesigningandPrintingofLinenActandhaveexpandedfromthere.
Legislations
India
India'sDesignAct,2000wasenactedtoconsolidateandamendthelawrelatingtoprotectionofdesignandtocomplywiththearticles25and26ofTRIPSagreement.Thenewact,(earlierPatentandDesignAct,1911wasrepealedbythisact)nowdefinesdesigntomeanonlythefeaturesofshape,configuration,pattern,ornament,orcompositionoflinesorcoloursappliedtoanyarticlewhetherintwoorthreedimensional,orinbothforms,byanyindustrialprocessormeans,whethermanualalormechanicalorchemical,separateorcombimed,whichinthefinishedarticleappealtoandarejudgedsolelybttheeye;butdoesnotincludeanymodeorprincipleofconstruction.
Canada
Canada'sindustrialdesignactaffordstenyearsofprotectiontoindustrialdesignsthatareregistered;thereisnoprotectionifthedesignisnotregistered.TheIndustrialDesignAct(R.S.,c.I-8)definesdesignorindustrialdesigntomeanfeaturesofshape,configuration,patternorornamentandanycombinationofthosefeaturesthat,inafinishedarticle,appealtoandarejudgedsolelybytheeye.
Duringtheexistenceofanexclusiveright,nopersoncanmake,importforthepurposeoftradeorbusiness,orsell,rent,orofferorexposeforsaleorrent,anyarticleinrespectofwhichthedesignisregistered.Therulealsoappliestokitsandsubstantialdifferencesareinreferencetopreviouslypublisheddesigns.
UnitedKingdom
InadditiontothedesignprotectionavailableunderCommunitydesigns,UKlawprovidesitsownnationalregistereddesignrightandanunregistereddesignright.Theunregisteredright,whichexistsautomaticallyiftherequirementsaremetcanlastforupto15years.Theregistereddesignrightcanlastupto25yearssubjecttothepaymentofmaintenancefees。
UnitedStates
U.S.designpatentslastfourteenyearsfromthedateofgrantandcovertheornamentalaspectsofutilitarianobjects.Objectsthatlackausebeyondthatconferredbytheirappearanceortheinformationtheyconvey,maybecoveredbycopyright--aformofintellectualpropertyofmuchlongerdurationthatexistsassoonasaqualifyingworkiscreated.Insomecircumstances,rightsmayalsobeacquiredintradedress,buttradedressprotectionisakintotrademarkrightsandrequiresthatthedesignhavesourcesignificanceorsecondarymeaning.Itisusefulonlytopreventsourcemisrepresentations;tradedressprotectioncannotbeusedtopreventothersfromcompetingonthemerits.
Productdesign
Productdesigncanbedefinedastheideageneration,conceptdevelopment,testingandmanufacturingorimplementationofaphysicalobjectorservice.ProductDesignersconceptualizeandevaluateideas,makingthemtangiblethroughproductsinamoresystematicapproach.Theroleofaproductdesignerencompassesmanycharacteristicsofthemarketingmanager,productmanager,industrialdesigneranddesignengineer.
Thetermissometimesconfusedwithindustrialdesign,whichdefinesthefieldofabroaderspectrumofdesignactivities,suchasservicedesign,systemsdesign,interactiondesignaswellasproductdesign.[citationneeded]Theroleoftheproductdesignercombinesart,scienceandtechnologytocreatetangiblethree-dimensionalgoods.Thisevolvingrolehasbeenfacilitatedbydigitaltoolsthatallowdesignerstocommunicate,visualizeandanalyzeideasinawaythatwouldhavetakengreatermanpowerinthepast.
Skillsneeded
Productdesignersareequippedwiththeskillsneededtobringproductsfromconceptiontomarket.Theyshouldhavetheabilitytomanagedesignprojects,andsubcontractareastoothersectorsofthedesignindustry.AestheticsisconsideredimportantinProductDesignbutdesignersalsodealwithimportantaspectsincludingtechnology,ergonomics,usability,stressanalysisandmaterialsengineering.
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