关于英语的知识

定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。另外名词代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。

(一）限定性定语从句

1.that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2.which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,few,all,none,little,some等不定代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that

4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6.when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedtherefortwoweeks.IstillrememberthefirsttimeImether.Eachtimehegoestobusinesstrip,hebringsalotoflivingnecessities,suchastowers,soap,toothbrushetc.

7.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物,当它引导的从句修饰物体时,可以与ofwhich调换,表达的意思一样.

8.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时，常用thereis来引导

Thereissomebodyherewhowantstospeaktoyou.这里有人要和你说话。

(二）非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

4.有时as也可用作关系代词

5.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who,whom代表人，用which代表事物.；

(三）关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人，在从句中做主语

(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.

(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.

2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。

(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.

(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如:Heisthemanwhom/whoItalkto.

如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如:HeisthemanwhohasanEnglishbook.

(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend

3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略

(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.

(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.

4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.

(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?

5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语

(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.

(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?

(6)Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?

(四）注意

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.

(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.

(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.

(4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.

(5)We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.

(6)We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.

注意：1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等

(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T＝正确)

(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F＝错误)

2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)

(2)Themanwiththatyoutalkedismyfriend.(F)

(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)

(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)

3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词

(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.

(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.

(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.

(五）关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.

(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.

2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.

(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.

3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.

(2)Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.

注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,

(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.

(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich./whereIwasborn.

[六）判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：

ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.

I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.

判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）

（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.

（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.

（对）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.

（对）I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysago?

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld?

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案：

例1D，例2A

例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.

在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中介词on用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；

先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。

1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.

A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich

2.Doyouknowtheman_______?

A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke

3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.

A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayed

C.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed

4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?

A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich

5.Thatistheday______I'llneverforget.

A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when

6.Thefactory______we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.

A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich

7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_______weareworking.

A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there

8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.

A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshown

C.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked

9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?

A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalked

C.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked

10.Thepen______heiswritingismine.

A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich

11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof______satasmallboy.

A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that

12.Theengineer______myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.

A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom

13.Itthereanyoneinyourclass______familyisinthecountry?

A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose

14.I'minterestedin______youhavesaid.

A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which

15.Iwanttousethesamedictionary______wasusedyesterday.

A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as

16.Heisn'tsuchaman______heusedtobe.

A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as

17.HeisgoodatEnglish,______weallknow.

A.thatB.asC.whomD.what

18.LiMing,______totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.

A.IwentwithB.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhim

19.Idon'tlike______asyouread.

A.thenovelsB.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovelsD.samenovels

20.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.

A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what

21.Theletterisfrommysister,______isworkinginBeijing.

A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who

22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsof____arewomen.

A.themB.whichC.whomD.who

23.You'retheonlyperson______I'veevermet______coulddoit.

A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who

24.Ilostabook,______Ican'tremembernow.

A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat

25.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,______Hangzhouisfamousintheworld.

A.forwhichB.forthatC.inwhichD.what

26.Ihaveboughtsuchawatch_______wasadvertisedonTV.

A.thatB.whichC.asD.it

27.Icanneverforgettheday_______weworkedtogetherandtheday______wespenttogether.

A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when

28.Theway______helooksatproblemsiswrong.

A.whichB.whoseC.whatD./

29.Thisisthereason______hedidn'tcometothemeeting.

A.inwhichB.withwhichC.thatD.forwhich

30.Thismachine,______formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.

A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafter

C.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter

31.Thereason______hedidn'tcomewas______hewasill.

A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what

32.Heisworkinghard,______willmakehimpassthefinalexam.

A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who

33.Thatisnottheway______Idoit.

A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich

34.Ihavetwogrammars,______areofgreatuse.

A.allofwhichB.eitherofwhichC.bothofthatD.bothofwhich

35.Iwanttousethesametools_______usedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.

A.aswasB.whichwasC.aswereD.which

36.Myneighboursusedtogivemeahandintimeoftrouble,_______wasverykindofthem.

A.whoB.whichC.thatD.it

37.Thisisthemagazine_______Icopiedtheparagraph.

A.thatB.whichC.fromthatD.fromwhich

38.Heisnotsuchaman_______wouldleavehisworkhalfdone.

A.thatB.whichC.whoD.as

39.Youcandependonwhateverpromise_______hemakes.

A./B.whyC.whenD.whose

40.Smoking,_______isabadhabit,is,however,popular.

A.thatB.whichC.itD.though

41.---Didyouasktheguard_______happened?

---Yes,hetoldmeall_______heknew.

A.what;thatB.what;whatC.which;whichD.that;that

42.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_______Ilivedonthefarmwith

thefarmers,_______hasagreateffectonmylife.

A.when;whoB.that;whichC.which;thatD.when;which

43.Thenumberofthepeoplewho_______cars_______increasing.

A.owns;areB.owns;isC.own;isD.own;are

44.Duringthedays________,heworkedasaservantattheBrowns.

A.followedB.followingC.tofollowD.thatfollowed

45.Isoxygentheonlygas_______helpsfireburn?

A.thatB./C.whichD.it

46.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_______hecouldsee_____wasgoingoninsidehouse.

A.which;whatB.throughwhich;whatC.throughthat;whatD.what;that

47.Is_______someGermanfriendsvisitedlastweek?

A.thisschoolB.thistheschoolC.thisschooloneD.thisschoolwhere

48.Johngotbeateninthegame,_______hadbeenexpected.

A.asB.thatC.whatD.who

49.Ihaveboughttwoballpens,_______writeswell.

A.noneofthemB.neitherofthemC.neitherofwhichD.noneofwhich

50.Allthatcanbeeaten_______eatenup.

A.arebeingB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.havebeen

参考答案及解析

1.A.which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。

2．C.和谁讲话”要说speaktosb.本题全句应为DoyouknowthemanwhomIspoketo.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。

3.D.where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

4.C.when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

5．A.which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。

6．C.解析同第5题。

7.A.解析见第3题。

8.A.本句话的先行词应该是films,因此关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态havebeenshown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则theone应该视为先行词。

9.A.“谈到某事物”应说talkaboutsth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。

10.A.withwhich是介词+关系代词结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有用的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that.withwhich在定语从句中作状语,即heiswritingwithapen.

11.C.infrontofwhich即infrontofafarmhouse.Infrontofwhich在从句中作状语.

12.D.withwhom引导定语从句.withwhom放在从句中即为:myfatherworkswiththeengineer.

13.D.whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.

14.A.that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.

15.D.thesame……..as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.

16.D.such………as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.

17.B.as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.

18.B.LiMingenjoyeditverymuch是主句,withwhomIwenttotheconcert是定语从句.withwhom放在从句中为:IwenttotheconcertwithLiMing.

19.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或thesame…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用sucha……..,本题中suchbooks,such直接修饰复数名词.

20.B.things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.

21.D.who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.

22.C.twothirdsofwhom即:twothirdsofthe2,000workers.

23.D.先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为,whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句whocoulddoit.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.

24.A.whosetitle引导非限制性定语从句,whosetitle也可以说成thetitleofwhich

25.A.forwhich引导定语从句,使用介词for,是来自于从句中的固定短语befamousfor以……..而闻名.

26.C.当先行词被such修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词要用as.As在本从句中作主语.

27.A.两个先行词theday都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when.第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.

28.D.在way、distance、direction等词后的定语从句中，常用that来代替“in(或其他介词)+which”、when或where，而that常可省略。

29.D.forwhich在定语从句中作原因状语,可用why来替代.

30.B.whichIhavelookedafter构成一个非限制性定语从句.

31.A.Thereasonwhy…wasthat….已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why和that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成because，尽管that这个词在译文中可能有“因为”的含义。

32.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.

33.A.解释见28题.

34.D.主句中的two表明不能选A.从句中的are表明不能选B.bothofwhich用来引导非限制性定语从句.

35.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或thesame…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语.

36.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.

37.D.

38.D.解析见35题.

39.A.hemakes是定语从句,从句前省略了关系代词that.

40.B.whichisabadhabit非限制性定语从句.

41.A.whathappened是宾语从句.all之后thatheknew是定语从句.先行词是all,所以关系代词只能用that.

42.D.years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,是因为when在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句.

43.C.本句话的定语从句是whoowncars.其先行词是people,因此定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是Thenumberof指“…..的数目”，是单数概念。因此主句的谓语动词要用is。

44.D.thatfollowed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。

45.A.先行词gas被only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。

46.B.throughwhich引导定语从句，throughwhich即throughthehole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。

47.B.为便于理解，改写本句话：ThisistheschoolthatsomeGermanfriendsvisitedlastweek.不难看出，作表语的theschool是先行词。that引导了定语从句，因为that同时又作visited的宾语，所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。

48.A.解释见35题。

49.C.因为是twoballpens,并且定语从句的谓语writes是单数概念。因此C是正确选项。

50.B.本句话中，主句的主语是all,为抽象概念。因此其谓语应用单数的hasbeen。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。

这是我以前在百度搜集的