计算机英语短文

分类:教育/科学>>外语学习

问题描述:

请帮帮忙一下!要有中英文的!谢谢了!

解析:

WhatisaComputer?

Computersaremachinesthatcanbeusedforperformingcalculationsautomatically.Theycanperformplexandrepetitiveproceduresquickly,preciselyandreliablyandcanquicklystoreandretrievelargeamountsofdata.

Thephysicalponentsfromwhichaputerisconstructed(electroniccircuitsandinput/outputdevices)areknownashardware.Mostputershavefourtypesofhardwareponents:input,processor,storage(mainmemory,auxiliarystorage)andoutput.

Inputandoutput(I/O)devicesallowtheputertomunicatewiththeuserandtheoutsideworld.TheCPU(centralprocessingunit)executesprograms(sofare)whichtelltheputerwhattodo.

Theoprincipalcharacteristicsofaputerare:Itrespondstoaspecificsetofinstructionsinawell-definedmanner.Itcanexecuteaprerecordedlistofinstructions(aprogram).

Classificationofputers

Computerscanbegenerallyclassifiedbysizeandpowerasfollows:

•Personalputer:A***all,single-userputerbasedonamicroprocessor.Inadditiontothemicroprocessor,apersonalputerhasakeyboardforenteringdata,amonitorfordisplayinginformation,andastoragedeviceforsavingdata.

•Workstation:Apowerful,single-userputer.Aworkstationislikeapersonalputer,butithasamorepowerfulmicroprocessorandahigher-qualitymonitor.

•Miniputer:Amulti-userputercapableofsupportingfromtenstohundredsofuserssimultaneously.

•Mainframe:Apowerfulmulti-userputercapableofsupportingmanyhundredstothousandsofuserssimultaneously.

•Superputer:Anextremelyfastputerthatcanperformmillionsofinstructionspersecond.

GenerationsofComputers

Thehistoryofputerdevelopmentisoftenreferredtoinreferencetothedifferentgenerationsofputingdevices.Eachgenerationofputerischaracterizedbyamajortechnologicaldevelopmentthatfundamentallychangedthewayputersoperate.Itresultedin***aller,cheaper,andmorepowerful,efficientandreliabledevices.

•FirstGeneration-1940-1956:Vacuumtubeswereusedanditreliedonmachinelanguagetoperformoperations,andtheycouldonlysolveoneproblematatime.

•SecondGeneration-1956-1963:Transistorswereusedandputersmovedfromcrypticbinarymachinelanguagetosymbolic,orassembly,languages,whichallowedprogrammerstospecifyinstructionsinwords.

•ThirdGeneration-1964-1971:Integratedcircuits-Transistorswereminiaturizedandplacedonsiliconchips,calledsemiconductors.Usersinteractedthroughkeyboardsandmonitorsandinterfacedwithanoperatingsystem.

•FourthGeneration-1971-Present:Microprocessors-Themicroprocessorbroughtthefourthgenerationofputers,asthousandsofintegratedcircuitswerebuiltontoasinglesiliconchip.

•FifthGeneration-PresentandBeyond:Artificialintelligence-Computingdevices,basedonartificialintelligence,arestillindevelopment,thoughtherearesomeapplications,suchasvoicerecognition,thatarebeingusedtoday

IPSO

Mostputershavefourtypesofhardwareponents:input,processor,storage(auxiliarystorage)andoutput.Inputandoutput(I/O)devicesallowtheputertomunicatewiththeuserandtheoutsideworld.TheCPU(centralprocessingunit)executesprograms(sofare)whichtelltheputerwhattodo.

IPSOCycle

Thediagramgivenexplainstheoperationsintheputer.Firstthedataenterstheputerthroughtheinputdevice,andthenprocessingoccursattheprocessingunit.Theprocessingunitisthemicroprocessorchip.Processingunitprisesofthecontrolunitandarithmeticandlogicalunitandmainmemory.Therearestoragedevices(auxiliarystorage)whichstoretheprocesseddataanddatacanberetrievedatanytime.Theprocesseddataissentouttotheoutputdevicesfortheuser.

Input-----Processing------Storage-----Output

NEWWORDSANDEXPRESSIONS

automaticallyadv.自动地

repetitiveadj.各自的

retrievev.恢复，补救

physicaladj.物理的，自然的

auxiliaryadj.辅助的，附加的，副的n.补助物

mainmemory主存

auxiliarymemory辅存

executev.执行，实现

prerecordv.事先录音

microprocessorn.微处理器

inadditiontoadv.除…什么之外

monitorn.显示器

simultaneouslyadv.同时地

technologicaladj.科技的

fundamentallyadv.基础地，根本地

Vacuumtube电子管

transistor晶体管

crypticadj.秘密的，神秘的

binaryadj.二进位的

symbolicadj.象征的，符号的

semiconductorn.半导体

artificialintelligence人工智能