英语语言学指的是什么

语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语言学知识。

I.Introduction

1.WhatisLanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics

3.1SpeechandWriting

Onegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.

3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(说明性)

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior.

3.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)Studies

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

3.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)

ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.

3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行为)

Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(发声).

4.TheScopeofLinguistics

Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.

Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.

Phonology(音韵学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.

Morphology(词法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.

Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.

Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.

HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.

Anthropologicallinguistics(人文语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.

Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.

Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.

Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconcepts(概念)areapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.

II.Phonetics(语音学）

1.scopeofphonetics

Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:

Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate(协调）intheprocess.

Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated(调节）bytheear,theauditorynerve(神经）andthebrain.

Acousticphonetics(声学语音学）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（传送）betweenmouthandear.

2.Thevocalorgans

Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,(气流发生器官）theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（声音共振器官）

3.Consonants(辅音）

Placesofarticulation(发音部位）:bilabial,(双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）

Mannersofarticulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）

4.Vowels(元音）

Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),andthedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded)

III.Phonology（音韵学）

1.phonemes(音素）：adistinctive(有区别的）soundinalanguage.

2.Allophones(音位变体）：Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.

3.Minimalpairs(最小对立体）：wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.

4.Freevariation(自由变异）：Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment(环境）,theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.

5.Complementarydistribution(补充分类）：Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment

6.Suprasegmentalphonology(超音段音位）：thestudyofphonologicalproperties(性质）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable(音节），stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音调）andintonation（语调）.

IV.Morphology（词法）

1.inflection(构形法）：thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.(屈折词缀）

2.Word-formation(构词）：theprocesses(过程）ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.（表明词法关系）Theyarecompound(合成）andderivation(派生）.

3.Morpheme(词素）：thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

4.Allomorph(同质异象变体）：somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.

5.Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,(词根）affix（词缀）andstem（词干）.

6.Lexicon(语言词汇）：initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.

7.Closed-classwords(封闭性）andopen-classwords(开放性）：theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple(实际上）indefiniteorunlimited.

8.Wordclass(词性）：Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.

9.Lexeme(词位）：thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.

10.Idiom(习语，成语）：Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords(词序）whichissemantically（语义上）andoftensyntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）

11.Collocation(搭配）：thehabitual(习惯的）co-occurrences（同时出现）ofindividuallexicalitems.

V.Syntax(句法）

1.Positionalrelationorwordorder（词序）：thesequential(顺序）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.

2.Constructionorconstituent(句子结构）：theoverallprocessofinternal(内部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.

3.Syntacticfunction(句法功能）：therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers,(修饰语）complements（补语）,etc.

4.Category(范畴）：Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.

5.Phrase:asingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.

6.Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.

7.Sentence:Itistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.

VI.Semantics

1.Conceptualismormentalism(概念主义）：FollowingF.DeSaussure(索学尔）'ssigntheory,thelinguisticsignissaidtoconsistofasignifier（所指）andsignified（被指）,i.e.,asoundimageandaconcept,likedbyapsychological（心理的）associativebond.（相关联系）

2.Mechanism(机械主义）：Somelinguists,Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德）forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter（反）-acttheprecioustheoriesandthisleadstowhatcallthemechanisticapproach（方法）.Thenatureofthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.（智力现象）

3.Contextualism（语境主义）：Itisbasedonthepresumption(假定）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.

4.Behaviorism(行为主义）：Behaviouristsattempttodefine(定义）themeaningofalanguageformasthesituation(情景）inwhichthespeakerutters（说话）itandtheresponse（反应）itcallsforthinthehearer.

5.functionalism(功能主义）：Functionalistsasrepresented(代表）bythePragueschool（布拉格学派）linguistsandneo-Firthian（新弗斯）linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation（方法）.Theyargue（争辩）thatmeaningcouldonlybeinterpreted（解释）fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.

6.Senserelationships:Whilereferencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,words,sentences,etc.,andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.Theyincludesynonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）andHomonymy(同音异义词）

7.Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1)componential（成分）analysiswhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.(意义成分）2)predication(表述）analysisinwhichthemeaningofasentenceisnotmerelythesumofthemeaningsofthewordswhichcomposeit.3)relationalcomponentsinwhichthesemanticanalysisofsomewordspresentsacomplicatedpicture,becausetheyshowrelationsbetweentwoandperhapsmoreterms.

VII.LanguageVariation(语言变化）

1.Lexicalchange(词汇的变化）：changesinlexis.

2.Invention:(新造词）newentities.

3.Compounding:(合成词）Newwordsaresometimesconstructedbycombiningtwooldwords.

4.Blending:(混合词）：Itisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtworootsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstrootandthefinalpartofthesecondroot,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetworoots.

5.Abbreviationorclipping:(缩写）Anewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpartorcuttingtheinitialpart.

6.acronym:(取首字母的缩写词）Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodified(修饰）headword.

7.Metanalysis:(再分化）Itreferstoaprocessthroughwhichadivisionismadewheretherewerenotebefore.

8.Back-formation:(逆构词）Itreferstoanabnormal(非正常）typeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeleting(去掉）animaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.

9.Analogicalcreation:(类比造词）Itcanaccountfor（说明）theco-existenceoftwoforms,regularandirregular,intheconjugation(结合）ofsomeEnglishverbs.

10.Borrowing（借用）：Englishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.

11.Phonologicalchange(音变）：Itisrelatedtolanguagevariationinthephonologicalsystemoflanguage.Itincludesloss,(省音）addition,（加音）assimilation,（同化）dissimilation.（异化）

12.Grammaticalchange:Changesinbothmorphology（词法）andsyntax（句法）arelistedunderthisheading.

13.Semanticchange:(语义变化）Itincludesbroadening,（语义扩大）narrowing,（语义缩小）meaningshift,（意义转化）classshift（词性转换）andfolketymology.（词源变化）

14.Orthographicchange：(正字法）Changescanalsobefoundatthegrapheticlevel.