关于汽车的英语作文

英语作文关于汽车的发明及用途

Anautomobileormotorcarisawheeledmotorvehiclefortransportingpassengers,whichalsocarriesitsownengineormotor.Mostdefinitionsofthetermspecifythatautomobilesaredesignedtorunprimarilyonroads,tohaveseatingforonetoeightpeople,totypicallyhavefourwheels,andtobeconstructedprincipallyforthetransportofpeopleratherthangoods.[1]However,thetermautomobileisfarfromprecise,becausetherearemanytypesofvehiclesthatdosimilartasks.

AlthoughNicolas-JosephCugnotisoftencreditedwithbuildingthefirstself-propelledmechanicalvehicleorautomobileinabout1769byadaptinganexistinghorse-drawnvehicle,thisclaimisdisputedbysome,whodoubtCugnot'sthree-wheelereverranorwasstable.OthersclaimFerdinandVerbiest,amemberofaJesuitmissioninChina,builtthefirststeam-poweredvehiclearound1672whichwasofsmallscaleanddesignedasatoyfortheChineseEmperorthatwasunabletocarryadriverorapassenger,butquitepossibly,wasthefirstworkingsteam-poweredvehicle('auto-mobile').WhatisnotindoubtisthatRichardTrevithickbuiltanddemonstratedhisPuffingDevilroadlocomotivein1801,believedbymanytobethefirstdemonstrationofasteam-poweredroadvehiclealthoughitwasunabletomaintainsufficientsteampressureforlongperiods,andwouldhavebeenoflittlepracticaluse.

InRussia,inthe1780s,IvanKulibindevelopedahuman-pedalled,three-wheeledcarriagewithmodernfeaturessuchasaflywheel,brake,gearbox,andbearings;however,itwasnotdevelopedfurther.

FrançoisIsaacdeRivaz,aSwissinventor,designedthefirstinternalcombustionengine,in1806,whichwasfueledbyamixtureofhydrogenandoxygenandusedittodeveloptheworld'sfirstvehicle,albeitrudimentary,tobepoweredbysuchanengine.Thedesignwasnotverysuccessful,aswasthecasewithotherssuchasSamuelBrown,SamuelMorey,andEtienneLenoirwithhishippomobile,whoeachproducedvehicles(usuallyadaptedcarriagesorcarts)poweredbyclumsyinternalcombustionengines.

InNovember1881FrenchinventorGustaveTrouv茅demonstratedaworkingthree-wheeledautomobilethatwaspoweredbyelectricity.ThiswasattheInternationalExhibitionofElectricityinParis.

AlthoughseveralotherGermanengineers(includingGottliebDaimler,WilhelmMaybach,andSiegfriedMarcus)wereworkingontheproblemataboutthesametime,KarlBenzgenerallyisacknowledgedastheinventorofthemodernautomobile.

Anautomobilepoweredbyhisownfour-strokecyclegasolineenginewasbuiltinMannheim,GermanybyKarlBenzin1885andgrantedapatentinJanuaryofthefollowingyearundertheauspicesofhismajorcompany,Benz&Cie.,whichwasfoundedin1883.Itwasanintegraldesign,withouttheadaptationofotherexistingcomponentsandincludingseveralnewtechnologicalelementstocreateanewconcept.Thisiswhatmadeitworthyofapatent.Hebegantosellhisproductionvehiclesin1888.

KarlBenz

AphotographoftheoriginalBenzPatentMotorwagen,firstbuiltin1885andawardedthepatentfortheconceptIn1879Benzwasgrantedapatentforhisfirstengine,whichhadbeendesignedin1878.Manyofhisotherinventionsmadetheuseoftheinternalcombustionenginefeasibleforpoweringavehicle.

HisfirstMotorwagenwasbuiltin1885andhewasawardedthepatentforitsinventionasofhisapplicationonJanuary29,1886.BenzbeganpromotionofthevehicleonJuly3,1886andapproximately25Benzvehiclesweresoldbetween1888and1893,whenhisfirstfour-wheelerwasintroducedalongwithamodelintendedforaffordability.Theyalsowerepoweredwithfour-strokeenginesofhisowndesign.EmileRogerofFrance,alreadyproducingBenzenginesunderlicense,nowaddedtheBenzautomobiletohislineofproducts.BecauseFrancewasmoreopentotheearlyautomobiles,initiallymorewerebuiltandsoldinFrancethroughRogerthanBenzsoldinGermany.

In1896,Benzdesignedandpatentedthefirstinternal-combustionflatengine,calledaboxermotorinGerman.Duringthelastyearsofthenineteenthcentury,Benzwasthelargestautomobilecompanyintheworldwith572unitsproducedin1899andbecauseofitssize,Benz&Cie.,becameajoint-stockcompany.

DaimlerandMaybachfoundedDaimlerMotorenGesellschaft(DaimlerMotorCompany,DMG)inCannstattin1890andunderthebrandname,Daimler,soldtheirfirstautomobilein1892,whichwasahorse-drawnstagecoachbuiltbyanothermanufacturer,thattheyretrofittedwithanengineoftheirdesign.By1895about30vehicleshadbeenbuiltbyDaimlerandMaybach,eitherattheDaimlerworksorintheHotelHermann,wheretheysetupshopafterfallingoutwiththeirbackers.BenzandtheMaybachandDaimlerteamseemtohavebeenunawareofeachother'searlywork.Theyneverworkedtogetherbecausebythetimeofthemergerofthetwocompanies,DaimlerandMaybachwerenolongerpartofDMG.

Daimlerdiedin1900andlaterthatyear,MaybachdesignedanenginenamedDaimler-Mercedes,thatwasplacedinaspecially-orderedmodelbuilttospecificationssetbyEmilJellinek.ThiswasaproductionofasmallnumberofvehiclesforJellinektoraceandmarketinhiscountry.Twoyearslater,in1902,anewmodelDMGautomobilewasproducedandthemodelwasnamedMercedesaftertheMaybachenginewhichgenerated35hp.MaybachquitDMGshortlythereafterandopenedabusinessofhisown.RightstotheDaimlerbrandnameweresoldtoothermanufacturers.

KarlBenzproposedco-operationbetweenDMGandBenz&Cie.wheneconomicconditionsbegantodeteriorateinGermanyfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,butthedirectorsofDMGrefusedtoconsideritinitially.Negotiationsbetweenthetwocompaniesresumedseveralyearslaterwhentheseconditionsworsenedand,in1924theysignedanAgreementofMutualInterest,validuntiltheyear2000.Bothenterprisesstandardizeddesign,production,purchasing,andsalesandtheyadvertisedormarketedtheirautomobilemodelsjointly钬攁lthoughkeepingtheirrespectivebrands.

OnJune28,1926,Benz&Cie.andDMGfinallymergedastheDaimler-Benzcompany,baptizingallofitsautomobilesMercedesBenzasabrandhonoringthemostimportantmodeloftheDMGautomobiles,theMaybachdesignlaterreferredtoasthe1902Mercedes-35hp,alongwiththeBenzname.KarlBenzremainedamemberoftheboardofdirectorsofDaimler-Benzuntilhisdeathin1929andattimes,histwosonsparticipatedinthemanagementofthecompanyaswell.

In1890,EmileLevassorandArmandPeugeotofFrancebeganproducingvehicleswithDaimlerenginesandsolaidthefoundationoftheautomobileindustryinFrance.

ThefirstdesignforanAmericanautomobilewithagasolineinternalcombustionenginewasdrawnin1877byGeorgeSeldenofRochester,NewYork,whoappliedforapatentforanautomobilein1879,butthepatentapplicationexpiredbecausethevehiclewasneverbuiltandprovedtowork(arequirementforapatent).Afteradelayofsixteenyearsandaseriesofattachmentstohisapplication,onNovember5,1895,SeldenwasgrantedaUnitedStatespatent(U.S.Patent549,160)foratwo-strokeautomobileengine,whichhindered,morethanencouraged,developmentofautomobilesintheUnitedStates.HispatentwaschallengedbyHenryFordandothers,andoverturnedin1911.

InBritaintherehadbeenseveralattemptstobuildsteamcarswithvaryingdegreesofsuccesswithThomasRickettevenattemptingaproductionrunin1860.SantlerfromMalvernisrecognizedbytheVeteranCarClubofGreatBritainashavingmadethefirstpetrol-poweredcarinthecountryin1894[11]followedbyFrederickWilliamLanchesterin1895butthesewerebothone-offs.ThefirstproductionvehiclesinGreatBritaincamefromtheDaimlerMotorCompany,acompanyfoundedbyHarryJ.Lawsonin1896afterpurchasingtherighttousethenameoftheengines.Lawson'scompanymadeitsfirstautomobilesin1897andtheyborethenameDaimler.

In1892,GermanengineerRudolfDieselwasgrantedapatentforaNewRationalCombustionEngine.In1897hebuiltthefirstDieselEngine.Steam-,electric-,andgasoline-poweredvehiclescompetedfordecades,withgasolineinternalcombustionenginesachievingdominanceinthe1910s.

Althoughvariouspistonlessrotaryenginedesignshaveattemptedtocompetewiththeconventionalpistonandcrankshaftdesign,onlyMazda'sversionoftheWankelenginehashadmorethanverylimitedsuccess.