英语报刊的论文

　　StructureFeaturesandRhetoricalDevicesofEnglishNewspaperHeadlines

　　Abstract:Withthedevelopmentofmassmedia,newspaperisoneofthemajormediaforustogetinformationallovertheworld.NowadaysEnglishnewspaperisverypopularandreadalloverChine.However,manypeoplestillhavedifficultyinunderstandingEnglishnewspaperheadlinesevenforsomeEnglishmajors.ThisisbecauseEnglishnewspaperheadlineshavetheirownspecialfeatures,culturebackgroundsanddifferentfromthedailyEnglishweusedinmanyaspects.Thispaperwillthenfocusonthelexical,structurefeaturesandrhetoricaldevicesofEnglishnewspaperheadlines,whichcanhelpustohaveabetterunderstandingwhenwearereadingnewspapers.

　　Keywords:Newspaperheadline,Lexicalfeatures,Structurefeatures,Rhetoricaldevices.

　　摘要：随着传媒的发展，报纸逐渐成为我们获取世界各地的信息主要媒介。现在英文报纸的阅读更是非常流行。但是许多人仍是很难理解英文报纸的标题，即使是英语专业的学生。这是因为英语报纸的标题有着它们自己独有的特点，文化背景和日常英语与我们在很多方面的不同。本文将重点放在词汇，结构特点和修辞在英语报纸中的特点，当我们在读报纸，它可以帮助我们有更好的理解。

　　关键词：报纸的标题，词汇特征，结构特点，修辞。

　　1.Introduction

　　Everytimewepickupanewspaper,whatcomeintooursightwillbelotsofnewsheadlines.Aheadlinehasbecomeanindispensablepartofnewspaper.Theeditormeanstoattractthereader’sattentionthroughheadlines.Asaresult,newspaperheadlinesareusuallyspeciallydesignedtobeshort,concise,andinformativetoconveydifferentkindsofinformation.Wemaybeconfusedbytheheadlineslike“Cater’sWaronWaste”,“UFOSighted”,“SmugglersGetJailandFines”,“WeeklyMagforStampLoverstoBeLaunched”,ect.Yetwithoutsomeknowledgeofnewsheadlinefeatures,itisnoteasyforustoreadEnglishnewspaper.Thispaperhassummarizedthestudyofnewspaperdevelopmentinrecentyearsandpresentsthelexicalfeatures,structurefeaturesandrhetoricaldevicesofEnglishnewspaperheadlinesindetails.

　　2.LexicalFeaturesofEnglishNewspaperHeadlines

　　LexicalfeaturesofEnglishnewspaperheadlinescanmainlyincludefourparts.Theyareexemplifiedasfollows.

　　[1]Abbreviation

　　Abbreviation,whichisusedinalargequantityinEnglishnewspaper,means“Ashortenedformofawordorphraseusedchieflyinwritingtorepresentthecompleteform”.Generallyspeakingthereare3kindsofAbbreviationsusedinthenewspaper.

　　①Abbreviationfororganizations

　　Examples:UNESCO=UintedNationsEducational,ScientificandCultureOrganization

　　PLO=PalestineLiberationOrganization

　　IOC=InternationalOlympicCommittee

　　NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration

　　APEC=Asia-PacificEconomicCooperationConference

　　FIFA=FederationInternationaledeFootballAssociation

　　②Abbreviationforprofessionandcareer

　　Examples:MP=memberofparliamentPM=primeminister

　　GM=generalmanagerPA=personalassistant

　　③Abbreviationforourfamiliarthings

　　Examples:UFO=UnidentifiedFlyingObjectDJI=Dow-JonesIndex

　　AIDS=AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome

　　GMT=GreenwichMeanTimes

　　Laser=LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation

　　Radar=RadioDetectionandRanging

　　Sonar=SoundNavigationRanging

　　TOEFL=TestofEnglishasAForeignLanguage

　　IELTS=InternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystem

　　[2]Shortening

　　Shorteningofdifferentwordsinnewspaperaimstosparemorespaceortocutdownthelengthoftheheadlines.

　　Examples:grad–graduatehosp–hospitalcig–cigarette

　　Cell–cellularSec–secondReps–representatives

　　Info–informationInt’l–internationalDeli–delicatessen

　　Hi-fi–highfidelityHi-tech–hightechnology3-D–threedimensional

　　G-7–GroupofsevenA-bomb–atombombV-day–victoryday

　　[3]Compound

　　CompoundwordsinEnglishnewspaperareusuallyformedbytwoorovertwowords.Bycompounding,wecanmakecomplicatedstructuresimpler,what’smore,savespace.

　　Examples:①“Plantoaidschooldropoutsextended”(ChinaDaily,Feb.5.1998).Here“schooldropouts”refersto“thestudentwhodropsoutofschool”.

　　②“Listressescorruptionfight”(ChinaDaily,Feb.6.1998).Here“corruptionfight”refersto“fightagainstcorruption”.

　　[4]InformalandSmallWords

　　Newspaperheadlinesarelikelytouseinformalandsmallwordsbecausesmallwordshavemoremeaningsthanbigwordsandcanbeusedinmanycases.InnewsEnglishthesewordsarereferedtoas“synonymsofallwork”.

　　Examples:aim——purpose,design,objectintention,etc.

　　meet——assembly,convention,congregation,exam,etc,

　　pact——compact,contract,agreement,convention

　　deal——negotiationm,transaction,bargain,etc.

　　3.StructureFeaturesofEnglishNewspaperHeadlines

　　StructurefeaturesofEnglishnewspaperheadlinescanbedividedintotwoaspects.Theyareasfollows:

　　[1]Omission

　　OmissionisoneofthemajorfeaturesofEnglishnewspaperheadlines.Generallyspeaking,omissioncanbeclassified4types.

　　①Omissionofarticles

　　Examples:ItalianEx-mayorMurdered(=AItalianEx-mayorWasMurdered)

　　TenthofBritishMackerelCatchGroundintoFeed

　　(=ATenthoftheBritishmarkerelCatchGroundintoFeed)

　　②Omissionofconjunctionandpronoun

　　Examples:USA,VietnamResumeTalks(=USAandVietnamResumeTalks)

　　HaveDollars,WillSell(=IfYouHaveDollars,WillSell)

　　③Omissionof“be”andauxiliaryverbs

　　Examples:ThreeDeadafterInhalingoverGas(=ThreeAreDeadafterInhalingoverGas)

　　MarriedWomentoGetCareAllowance

　　(=MarriedWomenAretoGetCareAllowance)

　　PNC’sworldviewspraised(=PNC’sworldviewswerepraised)

　　④Omissionofverbs

　　Examples:Ballots,NotBullets(=AlgeriansWantBallots,NotBullets)

　　PompeiiReportedSeriouslyDamaged

　　(=PompeiiReportedtoHaveBennSeriouslyDamage)

　　[2]UseNountoReplaceAdjective,Phrase,andVerb

　　NounsarefrequentlyusedinnewspaperHeadlinestoreplacedifferentwordstoformvariousstructures.Sonounsarethemostanimatedwordsinnewsheadlines.

　　Examples:Yugoslavpianiststirringmusicworld

　　(“musicworld”=“musicalworld”)

　　CorruptionReportsAgainstPoliceRise

　　(“corruptionreports”=“reportsoncorruptioncomplaints”)

　　Femaleaxemurdererexecuted

　　(“femaleaxemurdered”=“afemalemurdererwhokilledwithanaxe”)

　　Exportgrowthtobeatcrisis

　　(“growth”isusedtoreplace“grow”)

　　4.RhetoricalDevicesOfEnglishNewspaperHeadlines

　　RhetoricaldevicesofEnglishnewspaperheadlinesmainlyhavesixkinds.Theyareasfollows.

　　[1]Imitation

　　Examples:TheSonAlsoRisesToSaveorNottoSave

　　TheRoadThatMustbeTakenDoasMaorisDo

　　TheGreatMallofChinaCandidateintheWind

　　iPod,therefore,iam

　　[2]Metaphor

　　Examples:ADoveTakingWing

　　WhitewaterMayDrownDemocrats

　　TroubleBrewing

　　[3]Alliteration

　　Alliterationistherepetitionofinitialidenticalconsonantsoundsinsuccessiveorcloselyassociatedsyllables,esp.stressedsyllables.

　　Examples:PrideandPrejudiceSenseandSensibility

　　KillorCure?CarrotsandClubs?

　　SolitarySoldierTigerTiedVirtualVillains

　　[4]Rhyme

　　Rhymeistherepetitionofanidenticalstressedvowelsound,followedbyidenticalconsonantsoundbutprecededbydifferentconsonants

　　Examples:Masculinerhyme:Foe/toemeet/fleetmake/brake

　　Femininerhyme:Revival/arrivalmountain/fountain

　　Eyerhyme:BrainGain/DrainDreamTeamWheelsandDeals

　　Bubble,Bubble,ToilandTroubleIt’sMoreThanaWar

　　[5]Pun

　　Punisanexpressionthatachievesemphasisorhumorbycontrivinganambiguity,twodistinctmeaningssuggestedeitherbythesamewordorbytwosimilarsoundingwords.

　　Examples:Whyistheriversorich?Ithastwobanks.

　　Whyaremonkeysastalkativeaswomen?Eachmonkeyhasatail(tale).

　　Whyisthatfemalemoviestarsocool?Shehasmanyfans.

　　Whichcanrunfaster,heatorcold?Heat,becauseeveryonecancatchcold.

　　Whatistheworstweatherformice?

　　Whenitrainscatsanddogs.

　　Whyisthebridealwaysunluckyonherweddingday?Becauseshecannevermarrythebestman.

　　Whatismind?Itdoesn’tmatter.

　　Whatisthematter?Nevermind.

　　[6]Idiom

　　Examples:Romeisnotbuiltinaday.

　　Thirdtimelucky.

　　Theseven-yearitch.

　　Conclusion

　　Tosumup,Englishnewspaperheadlinescanusedifferentkindsskillsoflexicalfeatures,structurefeaturesandrhetoricaldevicestocreatemanyeffects.Besidesthefeaturesmentionedabove,theremanyotherfeaturesinEnglishnewspaperheadlinesforustoanalyze.Understandingtheheadlinesofthenewsisagatewaytounderstandthewholenews,sonewsheadlinesisanareaworthwhileforustogodeepinto.