英语写作中的过渡词
英语写作中的过渡词
汉语文章的组织靠的是意合,即句子与句子之间的联系靠的是句子意义的本身,句子的连接很少使用太多的连接词;而英语文章的组织靠的是形合,句子的连接离不开过渡词。下面是我为大家搜索整理的关于英语写作中的过渡词,供参考阅读,希望对你有所帮助!想了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们应届毕业生培训网!
过渡词是一种关系指引词,其作用是连接上下文,使文章保持连贯、自然、通顺。过渡词可以用于句子与句子之间的连接,还可以用于段落与段落之间的连接。当句子进入语段、语段进入语篇时,往往需要用一些连接手段把句子和句子、语段和语段,有时甚至是段落与段落连接起来,使它们之间建立起各种各样的语义关系,并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性。根据章振邦的划分,英语的衔接手段主要分为三大类:过渡词衔接、词汇纽带和语法照应。我们在此主要讨论过渡词连接。
过渡词的使用是保证段落或文章连贯的重要手段之一,同时也是英语写作中应注意的一个关键问题。本德(Bander)曾在其著作《美国英语修辞》(AmericanEnglishRhetoric)中高度概括了写作中使用过渡词的重要性,认为“有两个技巧比学任何其它的更能增强英语写作技能:其一是使用过渡连接词;其二是使用从属关系”。
夸克(Quirk)等人把过渡词分为13大类:(1)列举类;(2)强势类;(3)对等类;(4)转折类;(5)总结类;(6)同位类;(7)结果类;(8)推论类;(9)重述类;(10)替换类;(11)对立类;(12)让步类;(13)时间转换类。蔡基刚将过渡词分为11类:举例、比较、对照、让步、原因、结果、强调、递进、结论、时间和空间。
我们立足于教学,从方便实用的角度出发,综合以上学者的成果,将过渡词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型:(一)表示添加信息:and,also,too,furthermore,besides,moreover,inaddition,whatismore等;(二)表示因果关系:because,for,forthisreason,becauseof,since,asaresult,thus,therefore,so,consequently,ofcourse,accordingly等;(三)表示文章意义的转折或对比:although,however,onthecontrary,still,but,otherwise,despite,nevertheless,though,infact,ontheotherhand,asamatteroffact等;(四)表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序:first,second,third,afterthat,meanwhile,then,before,next,formerly,later,finally,intheend,atlast等;(五)表示列举:firstly,secondly,foronething…foranother,firstofall,tobeginwith,then,last等;(六)表示举例、解释:forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,toillustrate等;(七)表示总结:inshort,tosumup,inconclusion,briefly,onthewhole,toconclude,tosummarize等。下面我们逐一进行说明。
(一)表示添加,进一步说明或强调的过渡词
常用词:besides另外furthermore另外additionally另外inaddition另外inparticular特别地,moreover另外whatismore另外。例如:
①Nowit’stimetobecomeconcernedwiththefutureofours.Inparticular,wemustpayenoughattentiontotheproblemofpollution.
②Asthissocietylookstoeducationhighly,thereisasenseofdignityandprideinreceivingacollegeeducation.Inaddition/Furthermore/Besides/Whatismore,IbelievewithacollegeeducationIcanservemyfellowmenandmycountrybetter.
(二)表示原因、理由和结果的过渡词
accordingly于是,asaresult因此becauseof由于,consequently因此dueto由于,thanksto幸亏,forthisreason由于这个原因,hence因此inthisway这样therefore因此thus因此。例如:
①Becauseof/Duetoscience,wenowlivesafer,morecomfortableandconvenientlives.
②Ourstandardoflivingtodayismuchhigherthanitwasbefore.
Asaresult,moreandmorepeoplecanaffordtheirownhousesandcars.
③Hewastoldtospeakbriefly;accordingly,hecutshorthisremarks.
④Itisimportanttohavegoodplansifwewanttobesuccessful.
Inthisway/So/Forthisreason/Becauseofthis/Therefore/Asaresult/Consequently,itismostimportanttohaveagoodbeginningwheneverwewanttoaccomplishsomething.
(三)表示比较或对比的过渡词
equallyimportant同样重要地,similarly同样地,despite纵使,inspiteof纵使,likewise同样重要地,nevertheless不过conversely相反地,onthecontrary相反地,ontheotherhand另一方面。例如:
①Despite/Inspiteofalltheheartachesandthedifficulties,acollegeeducationisstillourbestpassporttosuccess.
②Ifwelackedfreedoms,peoplecouldnotsaywhattheyfelt.
Ontheotherhand/Conversely,ifwelackedlaws,thensocietywouldbedisorderlyandviolent.
③Jones’casewasdismissed.Similarly,sowerethechargesagainstSmith.
④CongresscanpassalawandthePresidentmaysignit.Nevertheless,theSupremeCourtcandeclareitunconstitutional.
(四)表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序
afterward以后,atpresent目前,atthesametime同时currently目前,inthemeantime同时meanwhile同时lately最近,recently最近,sincethen...之后,soon不久,soonafter不久之后,today现在。例如:
①Atpresent/Currently/Today/Recently/Lately,moreandmorepeoplearerealizingtheimportanceofprotectingourenvironment.
②Meanwhile/Inthemeantime/Atthesametime,studentsshouldhavemorefreetimeforreadingwhattheyliketoread.
③Sincethen,peoplehavebecomemoreandmoreinterestedinlearningEnglish.
(五)表示列举的过渡词
Firstofall首先;Inthefirstplace,…Second,...Finally首先……,第二……,第三……;Firstly,…Secondly,...Thirdly第一……,第二……,第三……;Attheverybeginning,…Then,…
Finally,…首先……其次……最后……;Tobeginwith,…Next,…
Finally,…首先……其次……最后……。
例如:
Ourstandardoflivingtodayismuchhigherthanitwasbefore.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatthespiritualqualityofourliveshasalsoimproved.Whatshouldwedo?
First/Firstofall/Inthefirstplace,wemustunderstandthatmoneycan’tbuyhappiness.Don’tbeaslavetoit.Second,weshouldspendtimewithfriendsandfamily.Andthird,weshouldfindtimetolistentothebirdssing,andseethebeautifulscenery.
(六)常用表示举例解释的过渡词
常用的'表示举例的过渡词语有:forexample举例,namely(等于“thatis”)即,这就是说,forinstance举例,acaseinpoint恰当的例子。例如:
①Themeansofproduction,namely,factories,minesandlandshouldbeimproved.
②Alotofpeoplehere,likeTomforexample,wouldratherstayathomewatchingTV.
③AcaseinpointisthewatercontrolprojectalongtheYangtzeRiver.
(七)表示总结、结论的过渡词
Ashasbeennoted如前所述,AsIhavesaid如我所述,Inbrief简言之,Inconclusion总之,Inshort简言之,Insummary总之,Tosumup总之,Toconclude总之,Eventually最后Inmyopinion以我看来,Fromthispointofview从这个观点来看,Onaccountofthis,wecanfindthat…由此我们可以发现……,Onthewhole总起来说Atlarge总体上而,Personally我个人认为……,Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust…因此这就是我们为什么必须……。例如:
①Inconclusion,letusencouragetheexchangeofideasandopinionsbymeansofdebates.
②Inshort/Inbrief/Tosumup/Insummary,Ithinkthattimehascomefortheintroductionofstrictmeasurestoprotectourenvironment.
③Ashasbeennoted/AsIhavesaid,countrylifeismorebeneficialthancitylife.
过渡词使上下文的连接自然、紧凑,使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。虽然过渡词的使用并不是文章连贯的唯一手段,但确实是一种十分重要和有效的手段。这部分需要学生平时通过大量的句子练习掌握好各种纷繁的过渡词的使用,为自己的写作锦上添花。
另外还有一些形容词短语、同位语从句等表达因果关系的结构和陈述套语有时也可作为过渡词使用。如:
…Attributeto…(原因)[形容词短语](原因)…whichinturn(结果)
Accountfor…(原因)
(结果)lieinthefactthat(原因)
(结果)resultfrom(原因)
Itispreciselybecause…(原因)that(结果)…[强调结构](原因)beresponsiblefor(结果)
It’swellknowntousthat...
Asisknowntous,...
Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.
Fromthegraph(table,chart)listedabove,itcanbeseenthat...
例如:
①Theygiverisetounfaircompetition,whichinturnthrowsoriginalbusinessesintoacommercialpanic.
②Asiswellknowntous,itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.
③Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays.thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly.andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower”.Ascollegestudents.wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.
诸如此类的结构还有很多,比如表达数量、优点、缺点、重要、必要、困难、方便、可能、措施、变化、事实、现状、比较、看法、结论,如Astheproverbsays…正如谚语所言,Everybodyknowsthat…每个人都知道,Generallyspeaking,…一般说来,Itisknowntousthat…众所周知,Itistruethat…的确,Manypeoplearemuchinterestedinthequestionthat…许多人都对……感兴趣,Thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问,等等。总之过渡词纷繁复杂,只有在学习中慢慢摸索,慢慢积累,才能切实地提高英语写作水平。
英语写作句型
1、词与词之间的转换
1).形容词转换为名词
Thispaintingisveryvaluable.
Thispaintingisofgreatvalue.
2).动词转换为名词
Ourhometownhaschangedalottheseyears.
Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowntheseyears.
2、词与从句的转换
Ashewastiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon
Tiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon.
3、非谓语动词与从句之间的转换
1).动名词和从句的转换
Whenhearrives,pleasegivemeane-mail.
Onhearinghisarrival,pleasegivemeane-mail.
2).分词和从句的转换
A.现在分词与从句的转换
Ashewaslyinginthegrass,hethoughtofhisparentslivinginthecountryside.
Lyinginthegrass,hethoughtofhisparentslivinginthecountryside.
B.过去分词与从句的转换
Onceitisseen,itwillneverbeforgotten.
Onceseen,itwillneverbeforgotten
3).不定式与从句的转换
Hespokeloudersothattheaudiencecouldhearhimclearly.
Tomakehimselfheardclearly,hespokelouder.
4、独立主格与从句的转换
Ifweatherpermits,weshallgothereonfoot.
Weatherpermitting,weshallgothereonfoot.(逻辑主语+现在分词)
Ifeverythingisconsidered,hisplanseemstobemoreworkable.
Everythingtakenintoconsideration,hisplanseemstobemoreworkable.
(逻辑主语+过去分词)
Whenthiswasdone,wewenthome.
Thisdone,wewenthome.
Givengoodluck,Iwillearnmoremoneythanallofyou.
Goodluckgiven,Iwillearnmoremoneythanallofyou.
Becausetherewasnothingtodo,weplayedgames.
Therebeingnothingtodo,weplayedgames.(being不可省略)
1).简单句与复合句的转换
Thegirlisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.
Thegirlwhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.
2).一般句式与强调句的转换
Igraduatedfromtheuniversitylastsummer.
ItwaslastsummerthatIgraduatedfromtheuniversity.
3).条件句与祈使句的转换
Ifyougothroughthegate,youwillfindtheentrancetoBearCountry.
Gothroughthegate,andyouwillfindtheentrancetoBearCountry.
4).宾语从句与状语从句的转换
Iwon'tbelievewhathesays.
Nomatterwhathesays,Iwon'tbelievehim.
6、“二态”之间的转换
1).时态的转换
Thebellisringingnow.
Theregoesthebell.
2).主动语态变为被动语态
Peoplesuggestedthatthemeetingbeputoff.
Itissuggestedthatthemeetingbeputoff.
7、其他形式的转换
1).正常语序与倒装语序的转换
ThoughI'mweakIwillmaketheeffort.
WeakasIam,Iwillmaketheeffort.
Theywillnevergiveupthestruggleforsuccess
Neverwilltheygiveupthestruggleforsuccess.
2).陈述语气与虚拟语气的转换
Theshipdidn'tsinkwithallonboardbecausethereweretheeffortsofthecaptain.
Butfortheeffortsofthecaptain,theshipwouldhavesunkwithallonboard.
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