高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧详解
高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧详解
英语阅读理解题的难度在不断增大,考生们也大多知难而进。下面是我为大家带来的高考英语阅读理解题解题技巧,欢迎阅读。
一、四选一型阅读
高考阅读不同文体按照题型分类主要分为五大类:细节题、推理题、主旨大意题、词义句意猜测题、结构顺序题。
1、细节题解题技巧
细节题,顾名思义,就是指针对文章的某个细节而设置的试题。细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。
现在围绕上述的定位理论,引申出几个小的技巧:
(1)关键信息定位法。这个主要是细节题,如涉及到数字(日期、时间、价格等),就可以在文章中快速圈出数字,再找出目标数字及相对应的细节作息,还有人物姓名、地点名词等等,其他的还包括一些提示情节发展,或条纲性关键字眼,如First,Next,Finally等等。
Asayounggirlgrowingupinthe1930s,Ialwayswantedtoflyaplane,butbackthenitwasalmostunheardofforawomantodothat.Igotatasteofthatdreamin2011,whenmyhusbandarrangedformetorideinahotairballoonformybirthday.(2011年高考英语北京A篇)
Whathappenedtotheauthorin2011?
A.Sheflewanairplane
B.Sheenteredacompetition
C.Shewentonahotairballoonride
D.Shemovedintoaretirementcommunity
解析:此题属典型细节题,通过题干中的时间in2011不难定位到文中粗体字部分,很容易可以锁定正解为C。
(2)同义定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同义定位就是指问题所用的关键词和文中的不一致,但属于同义性质,同义转换其实是在关键间的基础上拐了个弯。
Helongsforconversationswithaneditorwhowillhelphimturnhisgoodideasintogreatones.Hewantssomeonetogetexcitedaboutwhathe'sdoingandtohelphimturnhisstoryideaupsidedownandinsideout,exploringthebestwaystoreportit.Hewantstobemorevaluableforyourpaper.(2010年高考英语北京B篇)
Whatdoesthereporterwantmostfromhiseditorsintheirtalks?
A.Findingthenewsvalueofhisstories.
B.Givinghimfinancialsupport.
C.Helpinghimtofindissues.
D.Improvinghisgoodideas.
解析:此题属细节题,定位方式为同义定位法。题干中的talks和文章中conversations对应,而wantmost和longsfor对应,这样不难得出答案为D。
小结:在阅读中,精准快速的定位加上正确的理解力才能保证做题的量与质。定位法是需要在做题的过程中有意识的培养的,做题的技巧也是可以总结的,关键是要自觉培养这种分析归纳和总结的意识以及能力。
2、推理题解题技巧
推断题定义:在理解原文字面意思的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得到文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
出现特征:在考题中经常出现的词有infer,imply,indicate,conclude,learnfrom,probably,mostlikely,prove/accordingto等。
SheturnedupatthedoorstepofmyhouseinCornwall.NowaycouldIhavesentheraway.Noway,notmeanyway.Maybesomeonehadkickedheroutoftheircarthenightbefore.“We'removinghouse.';“Nospaceforheranymorewiththebabycoming.”“Weneverreallywantedher,butwhatcouldwehavedone?Shewasapresent.”Peoplefindallsortsofexcusesforabandoningananimal.AndshewasoneofthemostbeautifuldogsIhadeverseen.
HowdidtheauthorfeelaboutGoldiewhenGoldiecametothehouse?(2010年高考英语北京A篇)
A.Shocked.B.Sympathetic.C.Annoyed.D.Upset.
解析:由题目得知:是考察作者的态度题。首先定位到文章作者的话语和行为,即
(1)NowaycouldIhavesentheraway.Noway,notmeanyway.
(2)Weneverreallywantedher,butwhatcouldwehavedone?Shewasapresent.“
(3)Peoplefindallsortsofexcusesforabandoningananimal.AndshewasoneofthemostbeautifuldogsIhadeverseen.
可知作者对它是正的情感,排除C,D.再由作者对它的不舍,答案选B
3、主旨大意题解题技巧
Topic/Title型-使用逆推法
(1)要在阅读原文基础上,仔细考虑选项是否与文章主题有密切联系
(2)再看选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何
(3)要注意题目是否过大或者过小
(4)要避免下列三种错误
概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,导致范围过小)
过度概括(多表现为扩大范围)
以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意。
FederalregulatorsWednesdayapprovedaplantocreateanationwideemergencyalert(警报)systemusingtextmessagesdeliveredtocellphones.
Textmessageshavebeenpopularinrecentyears,particularlyamongyoungpeople.Thewirelessindustry'stradeassociation,CTIA,estimates(估计)morethan48billiontextmessagesaresenteachmonth.
TheplancomesfromtheWarningAlertandResponseNetworkAct,a2006federallawthatrequiresimprovementstothenation'semergencyalertsystem.TheacttaskedtheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)withcomingupwithnewwaystoalertthepublicaboutemergencies.
“TheabilitytodeliveraccurateandtimelywarningsandalertsthroughcellphonesandothermobileservicesisanimportantnextstepinoureffortstohelpensurethattheAmericanpublichastheinformationtheyneedtotakeactiontoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamiliesbefore,andduring,disastersandotheremergencies,”FCCChairmanKevinMartinsaid,followingapprovaloftheplan.
Participationinthealertsystembycarriers-telecommunicationscompaniesisvoluntary,butithasreceivedsupportfromthewirelessindustry.
Theprogramwouldbeoptionalforcellphoneusers.Theyalsomaynotbechargedforreceivingalerts.
Therewouldbethreedifferenttypesofmessages,accordingtotherules.
Thefirstwouldbeanationalalertfromthepresident,likelyinvolvinganaturaldisaster.Thesecondwouldinvolve“approachingthreats”,whichcouldincludenaturaldisasterslikehurricanesorstormsorevenuniversityshootings.Thethirdwouldbeforchildabduction(绑架)emergencies,orso-calledAmberAlerts.
Theservicecouldbeinplaceby2010.(2008年高考英语山东卷B篇)
66.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.CellPhoneAlertsProtectingStudents
B.CellPhoneAlertsbyWirelessIndustry
C.CellPhoneAlertsofNationalDisasters
D.CellPhoneAlertsComingSoon
解析:D。主旨大意题。第一段开门见山,提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统;最后一段重申主题,对这种新系统的未来进行展望。因此最准确的标题是D。A项错在protectingstudents;B项错在bywirelessindustry;C项错在NationalDisasters。
4、词义句意题解题技巧
要求考生通过阅读上下文,结合中学生应有的赏识来推测尚不熟悉的词或者词组的意思。出现特征:划线或者引号
解题方法之一:根据上下文,往往是本句中的同位关系进行猜测。
Weekslater,standingbeforethisunfriendlymass,Iwastotallylost.Ohwell,Iloweredthepaperandsatdownatmydesk,burningtofindoutwhatIhaddonewrong.Asaclassmatebeganhisreport,itallbecameclear,“MyreportisonGeorgeWashington,themanwhostartedtheAmericanRevolution.”Thewholeworldbecamequite!HowcouldIknowthatshemeantthatGeorgeWashington?
62.Theunderlinedword“burning”inPara.3probablymeans_______.(2012年北京,B篇,62,答案D)
A.annoyedB.ashamedC.readyD.eager
解析:从burning这个词来说意为“发热的,强烈的,燃烧的`”,后面紧跟动词词组“findout”说明在寻找时刻的心情是很紧张和急迫的,最后是一个宾语从句,是我曾经做错过什么,那么这个题目显然就是选择和“渴望的,热切的”词义,显然为D选项。
5、结构顺序题解题技巧
常见提问方式:
Howisthepassageorganized?
Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby….
解题思路:
(1)注意主题段。主题段通常在文章的开头,简要概括文章的中心思想,
(2)找出或者总结每段的主题句。主题句可能在段落的开头,也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。如何确定主题句的方法见主旨题之mainidea型。
(3)最后根据每段主题确定段与段之间的结构关系,承上启下,使文章行文连贯,逻辑严密。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章,通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。
TheDietZone:ADangerousPlace
DietCoke,dietPepsi,dietpills,no-fatdiet,vegetablediet…Wearesurroundedbytheword“diet”everywherewelookandlisten.Wehavesoeasilybeenattractedbythepromiseandpotentialofdietproductsthatwehavestoppedthinkingaboutwhatdietproductsaredoingtous.Wearepayingforproductsthatharmuspsychologicallyandphysically(身体上).
Dietproductssignificantlyweakenuspsychologically.Ononelevel,wearenotallowingourbraintoadmitthatourweightproblemslienotinactuallylosingtheweight,butincontrollingtheconsumptionoffatty,high-calorie,unhealthyfoods.Dietproductsallowustojumpoverthethinkingstageandgostraightforthescale(秤)instead.Allwehavetodoistoswalloworrecognizetheword“diet”infoodlabels.
Onanotherlevel,dietproductshavegreaterpsychologicaleffects.Everytimewehaveazero-caloriedrink,wearetellingourselveswithoutourawarenessthatwedon'thavetoworktogetresults.Dietproductsmakepeoplebelievethatgaincomeswithoutpain,andthatlifecanbewithoutresistanceandstruggle.
Thedangerofdietproductsliesnotonlyinthepsychologicaleffectstheyhaveonus,butalsointhephysicalharmthattheycause.Dietfoodscanindirectlyharmourbodiesbecauseconsumingtheminsteadofhealthyfoodsmeanswearepreventingourbodiesfromhavingbasicnutrients(营养成分).Dietfoodsanddietpillscontainzerocaloriesonlybecausethedietindustryhascreatedchemicalstoproducethesewonderproducts.Dietproductsmaynotbenutritional,andthechemicalthatgointodietproductsarepotentiallydangerous.
Nowthatweareawareoftheeffectsthatdietproductshaveonus,itistimetoseriouslythinkaboutbuyingthem.Losingweightliesinthepowerofminds,notinthepowerofchemicals.Oncewerealizethis,wewillbemuchbetterabletoresistdietproducts,andthereforepreventthepsychologicalharmthatcomesfromusingthem.(2008高考英语北京卷E篇)
75.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?
解析:文章第一段点明节食产品在误导人们;第二段说明节食产品对人们心理上的影响;第三段说明节食产品误导人们认为不费劲就可以减肥,即对人们身体上的危害;第四段说明节食产品的危害;第五段说明人们应该慎重对待节食产品,故从文章结构上看应该是B项正确。
二、七选五型阅读
考生需要在语篇信息存在缺失的情况下,准确理解整篇文章,特别是设题部位前后句的逻辑关系,通过上下文的线索进行判断,预测下文,然后做出正确判断。
命题分析:我们如果把整篇文章看成一个信息群,这个信息群实际上是由两大信息版块构成的:
已知信息:原文在五处空缺之外的没有被挖掉的信息
待选信息:七个待选选项中的信息
这两个信息板块间绝不是孤立的,而是有紧密的互动逻辑关系,连起来是一篇完整的文章。
考试题型对学生的考察能力来看无外乎两个方面:
(1)把握整篇文章的布局和逻辑层次关系
(2)把握微观信息间关联性(即空格前后句间关系)
解题方法:词汇同现、词汇复现、代词妙用、数字线索、逻辑线索。
Muzak
Thenexttimeyougointoabank,astore,orasupermarket,stopandlisten.Whatdoyouhear?_____(71)It'ssimilartothemusicyoulistento,butit'snotexactlythesame.That'sbecausethismusicwasespeciallydesignedtorelaxyou,ortogiveyouextraenergy.Sometimesyoudon'tevenrealizethemusicisplaying,butyoureacttothemusicanyway.
Quietbackgroundmusicusedtobecalled“elevator(电梯)music”becauseweoftenhearditinelevators.Butlatelywehearitinmoreandmoreplaces,andithasanewname“Muzak”.Aboutone-thirdofthepeopleinAmericalistento“Muzak”everyday.Themusicplaysfor15minutesatatime,withshortpausesinbetween.Itisalwaysmorelivelybetweentenandeleveninthemorning,andbetweenthreeandfourintheafternoon,whenpeoplearemoretired.______(72)
IfyoulistentoMuzakcarefully,youwillprobablyrecognizethenamesofmanyofthesongs.Somemusiciansorsongwritersdon'twanttheirsongstobeusedasMuzak,butothersarehappywhentheirsongsarechosen.Why?_____(73)
Musicisoftenplayedinpublicplacesbecauseitisdesignedtomakepeoplefeellesslonelywhentheyareinanairportorahotel.IthasbeenproventhatMuzakdoeswhatitisdesignedtodo.TiredofficeworkerssuddenlyhavemoreenergywhentheyhearthepleasantsoundofMuzakinthebackground._____(74)Supermarketshoppersbuy38percentmoregroceries.
_____(75)Theysayit'sboringtohearthesamesongsallthetime.ButotherpeopleenjoyhearingMuzakinpublicplaces.Theysayithelpsthemrelaxandfeelcalm.Onewayoranother,Muzakaffectseveryone.SomefarmersevensaytheircowsgivemoremilkwhentheyhearMuzak!(2010年高考英语北京卷)
A.Somepeopledon'tlikeMuzak.
B.Themusicgivesthemextraenergy.
C.Musicisplayinginthebackground.
D.Factoryworkersproduce13percentmore.
E.Muzaktendstohelppeopleunderstandmusicbetter.
F.Theygetasmuchas$4millionayeariftheirsongsareused.
G.Muzakisplayedinmostofthebigsupermarketsintheworld.
答案:CBFDA
代词妙用:代词指代前面提到的thing,所以只要找到与代词含义一致的词就可搞定。
71空格后面出现“It'ssimilartothemusicyoulistento,”那么我们只要分析出其中的“it”的具体指代即可,通过题目及略读下文,我们很容易知道该文介绍一种音乐,而且第一段故作悬念,一直未给出其名字,所以我们只要找到选项中包含音乐一词而没有点名缪扎克一词的即可,很容易锁定BC选项,因为B项意义与下文相去甚远,故舍B取C没商量。
75空格后出现“Theysayit'sboringtohearthesamesongsallthetime.”,同理,我们就要确定“they”的具体指代,首先由于“say”的出现,我们锁定“they”为人的复数,所以轻松锁定ADF,所谓真金不怕火来炼,D显然逻辑不通,F由于其主语也为人,段落第一句永远不会出现意思不明的代词(we,you除外,因为它们可以明确指代广义的人),故轻松排除F选出真金A。
72此题虽然不是明显的后文出现代词,但其前亦有代词出现,“Itisalwaysmorelivelybetweentenandeleveninthemorning,”下文承接上文,肯定有联系,找出“it”的具体指代-themusic,轻松选出B项。(注:也可应用词汇复现法)
词汇复现法:情非得已时选择的一种方法,知道与前后文中有词汇重复的选项即可,有时也可指含义一致的词汇,如72
73前文中“butothersarehappywhentheirsongsarechosen”有“theirsongs”,F项亦有相同词汇出现,放进去,意思通晓明白,搞定。
74后文中“Supermarketshoppersbuy38percentmoregroceries.有”percentmore“,D项亦有相同词汇出现,且意思连贯,选出即可。
72题中前句中出现”whenpeoplearemoretired.“能够与”tired“相对应的四选项中只有”energy“,累了对应能量,亦可做出此题。
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