帮忙翻译一段商务英语，翻译的好追加200分

五.应对国际商务谈判中文化差异的策略

1.在谈判前应该做好充足的准备工作。（1）要做好谈判的计划工作。也就是要充分了解谈判对手的情况，包括其他利益方的国家和文化情况，即所谓的知己知彼。为了做到知己我们要了解以下三个问题：①清楚地知道自己想要什么，用几句话或几个词简短的表达核心实质；②要了解什么阻碍了自己想要的东西；③列出谈判双方可能有的各种选择，考虑哪些方案是自己可以接受的或是能被对方接受的等。业务谈判是双方或多方的，要想取得洽谈成功，知彼也是非常重要的，在谈判中，不仅要全面动态地了解对手协议的期望，更要了解对方的民族习性、谈判手段和语言文化等信息。（2）在准备过程中还应考虑谈判的策略。由于不同文化背景的谈判者在沟通中存在各种障碍，所以为了使谈判顺利完成，我们必须要理解、接受和尊重对方的文化习俗。在谈判过程中避免用一些对方忌讳的语言。从谈判习惯来说中国人在谈判中精确的技术数据要求比较高，而美国人的语言较为直接，容易直达主题，日本人则较为含蓄等等。想要很好的应对这一切，必须事先做好充分的准备。（3）公司代表还要对谈判的长期性做好思想准备。国家谈判历时往往比国内谈判长2倍到6倍，谈判人员可以利用这段时间熟悉并适应对方国家的语言和习俗，以便更好的推动谈判进程。

2.在谈判中应正确表达自己的意思，克服语言上的障碍。在跨国谈判中掌握对方国家的语言对于谈判的顺利进展有很大的意义。语言不通是谈判的一个很可怕的障碍，因为它可能使双方产生误解，甚至会导致谈判失败。掌握一国的语言并不是单纯的理解语言的字面意思，而是要知道某些词语和短语在一定文化中隐含的特殊意义。一些具有象征意义的词语在两个不同的文化中的可能隐含着截然不同的寓意。比如dog这个词在英语中象征着忠诚，而在中国，“狗”这个词是对别人人格的侮辱。所以在跨国谈判中，谈判者必须掌握这些有特定寓意的词，以防止谈判中出现不必要的误解。通常我们可以采纳两种方法来避免这种情况的发生，第一是聘请翻译。一个真正精通两种文化、两种语言的翻译不仅能将谈判时的各种措辞准确地翻译成母语，而且能以各种方法，如举例、列举等。将隐晦生涩的词翻译成可接受的语言，这样将为谈判各利益方节省很多时间，这些时间可以用于思量和决策。第二种方法是在谈判时尽量避免使用习语或俗语以避免误解，同时可以考虑借助一些非语言的方法，如表情、动作、语气和语调等表达一定的意思

Friday.Tocopewiththeinternationalbusinessnegotiations,strategiesofculturaldifferences

1.Atthepre-negotiationshouldbereadytotakesufficientjob.(1)wanttodoagoodjobplanningnegotiations.Thatis,tofullyunderstandthenegotiatingpartners,includingotherstakeholdersandculturalsituationofthecountry,theso-calledenemy.Confidantwantustodoinordertoknowthefollowingthreequestions:①clearlyknowwhattheywantwithafewwords,orwordstoexpressthecoreofabrief;②knowwhathinderedwantwhatshewants;③listthenegotiatingpartiesmayhavedifferentoptionstoconsiderwhichprogramsareacceptable,ortheycanbeacceptedeachotherandsoon.Businessnegotiationsarebetweentwoormoreparties,andnegotiatetoachievesuccess,知彼isalsoveryimportant,inthenegotiations,notonlytoacomprehensiveprotocoltodynamicallyknowtheexpectationsofopponents,butalsotounderstandeachother'snationalhabits,negotiationandothermeansandthelanguageandcultureinformation.(2)Intheprocessofpreparationshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationthestrategyofnegotiation.Becauseofdifferentculturalbackgroundsofthenegotiatorsatavarietyofcommunicationbarriersexist,soinordertosuccessfullyfinishthenegotiations,wemustunderstand,acceptandrespecteachother'sculturalcustoms.Intheprocessofnegotiationswithsomeoftheotherpartytoavoidthelanguageoftaboo.HabitsfromthenegotiationforChinainthenegotiationsrequireprecisetechnicaldataisrelativelyhigh,andtheAmericanlanguagemoredirectandeasyaccesssubject,theJapanesearemoresubtleandsoon.Wantagooddealwithallthis,mustbefullyprepared.(3)representativesofthenegotiationsbutalsothelong-termideatodoagoodjobofpreparation.Nationalnegotiationslastedlonger,moreoftenthan2timesthenationalnegotiationsto6-fold,negotiatorscanusethistimetofamiliarizethemselveswithandadapttoeachother'slanguageandcustomsofthecountryinordertobetterpromotethenegotiationprocess.

2.Inthenegotiationsshouldbetherightmeanstoexpresstheirowntoovercomethelanguagebarrier.Negotiationsatcross-countrytomasterthelanguageofeachotherforthesmoothprogressofthenegotiationsthereisalotofsignificance.Languagenegotiationsareaterribleobstacletobothsidesbecauseitmaybemisleading,andmayevencausethefailureofthenegotiations.Tomasterthelanguageofacountryisnotsimpletounderstandlanguageandliteralmeaning,buttoknowthatcertainwordsandphrasesimpliedacertaincultureofspecialsignificance.Anumberofsymbolictermsinthetwodifferentculturesofthedifferentpossiblehiddenmeaning.ForinstancetheworddoginEnglishatasymbolofloyalty,whileinChina,dogofthewordpersonalityareaninsulttoothers.Sointhecross-bordernegotiations,thenegotiatorsmusthavethespecificmeaningofthesewords,thenegotiationsinordertopreventunnecessarymisunderstandings.Usuallywecanadopttwomethodstoavoidthisfromhappening,thefirsttranslationareemployed.Areallygoodtwocultures,twolanguagescannotonlynegotiatethewordingofavarietyofaccuratelytranslatedintotheirmothertongue,butalsoavarietyofmethods,suchas,forexample,listsandsoon.Jerkyobscurewordstobetranslatedintoacceptablelanguage,sothatthenegotiationswillbealotofthetimesavingbenefits,theseperiodscanbeusedtothinkinganddecision-making.Thesecondmethodistonegotiateortrytoavoidsayingtheuseofidiomsinordertoavoidmisunderstanding,atthesametimewecanconsiderusingsomenon-verbalmethods,suchasfacialexpressions,action,toneandintonation,suchasthemeaningoftheexpressionmust