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英语语法之句子的成分

发表时间:2024-07-11 11:56:40 来源:网友投稿

英语语法之句子的成分

  一、句子成分

  (一)句子成分的定义:

  构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分,语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

  (二)主语:

  主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:

  Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)

  WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)

  One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)

  Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)

  Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)

  Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)

  WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)

  Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)

  (三)谓语:

  谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:

  1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.

  2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.

  (四)表语:

  表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:

  OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)

  Isityours?(代词)

  Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)

  Thespeechisexciting.(分词)

  Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)

  HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)

  Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)

  Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)

  Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)

  Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)

  (五)宾语:

  宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:

  Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)

  Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)

  Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)

  Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)

  Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)

  Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)

  Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)

  宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.

  (六)宾语补足语:

  英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的'意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:

  HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)

  Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)

  Letthefreshairin.(副词)

  Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)

  Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)

  Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)

  Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)

  (七)定语:

  修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:

  Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)

  Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)

  Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)

  HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)

  Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)

  Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)

  HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)

  (八)状语:

  修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:

  Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)

  Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)

  Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)

  Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)

  Waitaminute.(名词)

  Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)

  状语种类如下:

  Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)

  Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)

  Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.(条件状语)

  MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)

  Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)

  Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)

  Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)

  Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)

  Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)

  Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)

  练习

  一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:

  1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.

  2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.

  3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.

  4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!

  5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.

  6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.

  7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.

  8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.

  9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.

  10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.

  11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.

  12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.

  13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.

  14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?

  15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.

  16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?

  17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.

  18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.

  19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.

  20.Theapplestastedsweet.

  二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(-)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):

  Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.

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