英语语法之句子的成分
英语语法之句子的成分
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定义:
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分,语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语:
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)
WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)
One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)
Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)
Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)
WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
(三)谓语:
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.
(四)表语:
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:
OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)
Isityours?(代词)
Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)
Thespeechisexciting.(分词)
Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)
HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)
Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)
Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)
Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)
Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)
(五)宾语:
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:
Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)
Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)
Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)
Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语)
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)
Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)
宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.
(六)宾语补足语:
英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的'意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:
HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)
Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)
Letthefreshairin.(副词)
Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)
Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)
Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)
Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)
(七)定语:
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:
Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)
Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)
HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)
Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)
HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)
(八)状语:
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:
Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)
Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)
Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)
Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)
Waitaminute.(名词)
Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)
状语种类如下:
Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)
Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)
Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.(条件状语)
MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)
Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)
Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)
Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)
Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)
Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)
Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)
练习
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.
2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.
3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.
4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!
5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.
6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.
7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.
8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.
9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.
10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.
11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.
12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.
13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.
14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?
15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.
16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?
17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.
18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.
19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.
20.Theapplestastedsweet.
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(-)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):
Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.
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