谁知道英语作文要怎样写

英语作文的基本要求

首先一个段落必须有一个中心,即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stickorholdtothetopic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completenessoradequateness）。再者一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。根据文章题目以及你所想要表示的意思下手，下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。

1、统一性

一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：JoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwe'dalwayswantedacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Webothenjoyedthosepeoplewemetatthetrailerpark.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.本段的主题句是段首句，controllingidea（中心思想）是takethelongtripacrossthecountry。文中出现两个irrelevantsentences(不相干的句子)，一个是Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie，这一段是讲的是JoeandI，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。再看一个例子：MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.本段的controllingidea是liketodeepphysicallyfit，但段中有两个irrelevantsentences，一个是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek，另一个是Mymotherwasaprematurebaby。从上面两个例子可以看出，nativespeakers同样会造出来irrelevantsentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。

2、完整性

正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefultowork——youproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“amindinturmoil”（心境不平静）Physicalwork又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。因此要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：Itisnotalwaystruethatapictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucan'tswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreamingHelp?

3、连贯性（coherence）

连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。1）、意连段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。A．按时间先后排列（chronologicalarrangement）Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwasobviouslylateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;weknewthediningroomstaffwasstrictaboutclosingatnineo'clock.Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours——itmusthavebeenclosetonoon——theheatnearlyhidusin;theradiatorboiledoverandwehadtousemostofourdrinkingwatertocoolitdown.Bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasouro'clockandwewereexhausted.Here,judgementranoutofusandwestartedthetoughclimbtothesummit,notrealizingthatdarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Sureenough,bysixwewerestrugglingandAndrewverynearlywentdownasteepcliff,draggingMohammedandmealongwithhim.Bynine,whenthewindhowledacrosstheflatledgeofthesummit,weknewasweshiveredtogetherforwarmththatithadnotbeenourluckyday.本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“nottomissbreakfast”,“closingatnineo'clock”），然后是“closetonoon”，一直写到这一天结束（“Bynine——”）。B.按位置远近排列（spatialarrangement）。例如：Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,allright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoastonishedtonoticethatthebuildingwasreallyintwoparts:apagodasittingontopofatubularone-storystructure.Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelathowmuchofthepagodawasmadeupofglasswindows.AlmosteverythingunderthewonderfulChineseroofwasmadeofglass,unlikethetubethatitwassittingon,whichonlyhadfour.Inside,thetubewasgloomy,becauseofthelackoflight.Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagodaandthelightchangeddramatically.Allthosewindowsletinafloodofsunshineandwecouldseeoutformilesacrosstheflatland.本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（“fromadistance”）写起，然后“getcloser”，再到（“tenfeetaway”），最后是“insidethepagoda”……当然按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。C.按逻辑关系排列（logicalarrangement）a.按重要性顺序排列（arrangementinorderofimportance）Ifyouworkasasodajerker,youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective.Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflittleimportance.Butassoonasyoumoveonestepupfromthebottom,youreffectivenessdependsonyourabilitytoreachothersthroughthespokenorthewrittenword.Andthefurtherawayyourjobisfrommanualwork,thelargertheorganizationofwhichyouareanemployee,themoreimportantitwillbethatyouknowhowtoconveyyourthoughtsinwritingorspeaking.Intheverylargebusinessorganization,whetheritisthegovernment,thelargecorporation,ortheArmy,thisabilitytoexpressoneselfisperhapsthemostimportantofalltheskillsamancanpossess.这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“notneedmuchskill”或“oflittleimportance”到“moreimportant”，最后是“mostimportant”。b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specificarrangement）Ifareaderislost,itisgenerallybecausethewriterhasnotbeencarefulenoughtokeephimonthepath.Thiscarelessnesscantakeanynumberofforms.Perhapsasentenceissoexcessivelyclutteredthatthereader,hackinghiswaythroughtheverbiage,simplydoesn'tknowwhatitmeans.Perhapsasentencehasbeensoshoddilyconstructedthatthereadercouldreaditinanyofseveralways.Perhapsthewriterhasswitchedtenses,orhasswitchedpronounsinmid-sentence,sothereaderlosestrackofwhentheactiontookplaceorwhoistalking.PerhapssentenceBisnotlogicalsequeltosentenceA——thewriter,inwhoseheadtheconnectionisclear,hasnotbotheredtoprovidethemissinglink.Perhapsthewriterhasusedanimportantwordincorrectlybynottakingthetroubletolookitup.Hemaythinkthatsanguineandsanguinarymeanthesamething,butthedifferenceisabloodybigone.Thereadercanonlyinferwhatthewriteristryingtoimply.这一段谈的是awriter'scarelessness，先给出一个generalstatement作为主题句，然后通过5个”perhaps”加以例证。c.由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-generalarrangement）IdonotunderstandwhypeopleconfusemySiamesecat,Prissy,withtheoneIhadseveralyearsago,Henry.Thetwocatsareonlyalikeinbreed.Prissy,aquiet,femininefeline,lovesmedearlybutnotpossessively.Shelikestokeepherdistancefrompeople,exertherindependenceandisneversorudeastobeg,lick,orsniffunceremoniously.Herusualpostureissittingupright,eyesclosed,perfectlystill.Prissyisaverypropercat.Henry,ontheotherhand,lovedmedearlybutpossessively.Hewasmyshadowfrommorningtillnight.Heexpectedmetoconstantlyentertainhim.Henrynevercaredwhosawhimdoanything,whetheritwasdecorousornot,andheusuallyoffendedmyfriendsinsomeway.Thecatmadehimselfquitecomfortable,onthetopofthetelevision,acrossstranger'sfeetorlaps,inbeds,drawers,sacks,closets,ornooks.Thedifferencebetweenthemisimperceptibletostrangers.本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。