小组活动在英语课堂教学中的作用及实施方式
摘要:
自1993年使用九年制义务教育初中英语教材以来,广大教师已经逐渐地熟悉了新的课堂教学步骤五步教学法。五步教学法在对教材的处理上,练习占有较大的比重,而且富有变化,使课堂容量加大,节奏加快,时间紧凑,气氛活跃,可收到事半功倍之效,因此深受广大教师的青睐。我们也不难发现,在练习方面,几乎每节课都会有同桌两人一组的对练(Pairwork)和前后三、四人一组的组练(Groupwork)等小组活动方式,这成了课堂上不可缺少的练习方式。那么这些小组活动在英语课堂教学中究竟起到哪些作用?教师在课堂上如何穿插、实施和控制小组活动呢?本文想通过对这些问题的讨论来探索提高英语课堂教学质量的途径。
一、小组活动的实施方式
小组活动为课堂教学提供了简便、有效的操练方式,这些活动主要可以穿插在以下几种教学步骤之中进行。
1.在呈现(Presentation)环节后
在呈现新的语言项目后,就转入操练(Drill)这一环节,目的是帮助学生熟悉新的语言项目的书面和口头形式。此时的操练难度一般不大,以教师控制式的机械性练习为主。教师可以出示一些图片、幻灯、实物、提示词等指挥学生进行练习,这时最好穿插Pairwork(内容简单的话不必让学生先准备,反之,事先作些准备),直接以快频率的方式让学生一对一对地(pairbypair)、一问一答地进行下去。学生可以通过视觉、听觉、口头表达,很快地掌握新的语言项目。这样做的特点是节奏快、密度大、频率高,使学生在紧张热烈的气氛中兴趣浓厚,人人参与,差生也跟得上。
2.在练习(Practice)阶段
练习阶段的目的是帮助学生加深对新的语言项目的理解,巩固新的语言习惯,为在实际中进一步自如地运用作好准备。练习的内容应该具备一定的难度,学生在问答时有较宽的选择余地。这时适宜穿插对练或组练方式,用几分钟时间让学生看图、看物问答,模仿对话,表演课文对话等等。教师要巡视监听,对有困难的对或组进行一些必要的指导,充当助手(helper)或引导者(guide)的作用。练习结束后一定要抽查几对或组当堂表演,以了解练习情况,并对表演出色的组进行适当的表扬,以鼓励学生的积极性。这个阶段的特点是节奏放慢,频率放低,但密度大,气氛活跃,学生参与意识强,有利于调动每一个学生的积极性。
3.在巩固(Consolidation)阶段
这个阶段的目的是使学生在多种模拟日常生活的'背景中,运用所学的语言解决实际问题来体现语言的各种功能。学生可以根据自己的意愿来作答,答案是多种多样的,不可预料的,学生的自由度较大,有充分发挥创造的机会和余地。这时候最好以组练方式,如进行角色扮演(一般用学生真实姓名为好)、会谈、讨论解难、模拟采访、扩展对话、补充想象性结尾等等。教师要提醒学生结合课文中的语言形式来表达,注意人物的身份和具体的场合。教师往往扮演裁判(judge)、评委(commentator)的身份。这时的特点也是密度大、气氛热烈活跃,学生们有充分发挥、表现自己的机会。随着课堂语言实践量的增加,学生获得了充分的语言实践的机会,为获得为交际运用英语的能力打下了扎实的基础。
小组活动通常穿插在以上三种教学步骤中,但是教无定法,这并不是一成不变的。
二、小组活动在教学中的作用
对绝大多数中国学生来说课堂环境几乎是外语学习的唯一场所。教师如何在有限的时间内有效地利用积极因素,避免或消除消极因素,采用更适合于学习者语言发展的课堂教学方法,是外语教学是否成功的关键之一。小组活动在英语课堂教学中始终起着积极作用。
1.小组活动在课堂上起到操练语言、有目的地实践语言项目的作用,从而达到当堂巩固的效果。
新大纲中提出在教师对学生进行训练的过程中要使学生的言语技能发展成运用语言进行交际的能力。学生对语言形式和语言意义的掌握是否充分,是其能否运用所学语言表达特定功能的必要条件。通过教师设置的与课文和学生实际相关的交际情景,学生能通过小组活动进行大量的操练,加深对语言形式和意义的理解,从而使言语技能到运用语言进行交际的发展成为自然和可能。
2.小组活动提供了大量的向其他同学学习的机会。
教师应当使学生明白,学生学习英语,不仅可以从教师那里学,还可以从其他同学那里学。Johnson和Paulston在谈到leamerroles(学习者的角色)时说到:Theleamerisamemberofagroupandheleamsbyinteractingwithothers;Theleamerisatutorofotherleamers;Theleanerleamsfromtheteacher,fromotherstudentsandfromotherteach-ingsources…学生们明白了学习是互相的、平等的,就可以克服不愿与比自己水平差的同学操练的心理,从而充分调动了学生学习的主动性和积极性。
3.小组活动增加了课堂的密度和广度。
英语课是语言课,是训练课。许多知识的掌握和能力的培养不是靠教师教出来的,而是靠学生练出来的。小组活动加快了教学的节奏,加强了训练密度和广度。在课堂上教师可以用快速反应的方式通过“pairbypair的形式,有节奏地让学生练。这样无论学生成绩好、差,人人都能参与。学生在活动时都被一种积极的情感所支配,将大大激发参与课堂教学的热情,调动积极性。以教师为中心的课堂教学模式将转变为以学生为中心,学生成为教学的主体,他们在一个近似自然的语言环境中运用语言进行交际,以达到语言学习的目的。小组活动活跃了课堂气氛,是初中学生所喜爱的教学活动方式之一。本人曾以问卷形式进行过对初中生所喜欢的英语课堂活动的调查,课堂小组活动方式是学生最喜欢的课堂活动方式之一。初中生具有爱说、好动、爱模仿、爱表演、羞怯感少等特点。在小组活动中,把教师的教学要求转化为学生自己的愿望,给学生提供学习语言结构、理解语言功能的外部条件和参加语言实践的机会,课堂上气氛十分活跃。学生们想在课堂上有好的表现,他们在课前、课后就有兴致去积极准备,互相对话,大大激发学习英语的兴趣。
教师在课堂教学中,通过灵活多变的教学形式对学生的学习动机、课堂学习环境和语言的输入产生积极的影响,使课堂教学摆脱应试教育的枷锁。课堂小组活动在课堂上营造轻松愉快、活泼的学习氛围,不失为一种较好的、简便易行的教学形式。课堂小组活动组织得好与坏,在某种程度上决定着一堂英语课的成败,它来自于师生的共同创造,它在课堂上的作用是不容忽视的。
[原创]Athank-youletter
Hi,Valerie,
Howareyou?haveyougottheapprovalforyournewEP(EmploymentPass).
Ifyes,congratulations!
IwantedtoemailtoGPfirst,buttemporallycan't
findhisaddress.Itdoesn'tmeanIdon'twanttowrite
toyou,justfeellikeGPismoreclosertomethat
time.
GPtoldmethatbecauseofmeyoudon'twantto
talktoKenteither.Iwasveryappreciateful,cause
Itookthisasmytruefriend'saction!However,Rex
didn'tdoasyoudidatall!
Ididn'ttalktoyoumuchwhenwewereinthesame
company,thoughyoujustsatbehindme.LasttimeI
thoughteventalktoomuchwithanothergirlis
consideredagreatoffencetomywife.Iwasstuck
toodeeptostayawakeofthismass.ThankyouandGP
somuchforhavinggivenmegreatsupportwhenI
neededitbadly.
ImissGPandyou,really.Justhopeonedaywecan
meettogetheranddrinktogether.IamsureIwon't
haveabosslikeGPagain,nottomentionacolleague
likeyouandVincent.Youguysleftmethesweetest
memoriesinSingapore.HowamIgoingtothank
you?
PleasetellGPthatIhavemailedtoyouandletmeknow
hisaddressaswell.Iwanttoemailtohimtoo.I'm
nowathomebeingtakenwellcareofbymyparents.
TheyareabouttobuymeacarsothatIcantravelto
someotherprovincesinChina.Ok,mydaddyisback,
gottotakelunchwithhim.Seeyou.
AllthebeststoyouandGP
Danny
[原创]AbouttheFword
WhenIfirststartedtolearnEnglishinmiddleschool,Ididn'tknowthereisFwordinvocabulary.Untilmanyyearslater,browsingthroughabookaboutAmericanSlanginthecollegelibrary,IspottedtheFwordinanexpressionaboutcursing.Ilookeditupinmydictionary,butfoundnothing.Backthen,wedidn’thavecomputersorInternet,whichgivesyouaccesstoanysortofinformationintheblinkofaneye,nordidwehaveDVDorVCD.TheonlychancewecouldwatchAmericanmoviewasthatduringsomeweekdayeveningtheAmericanteachersplayedsomemoviesbroughtfromUSonaVCR.TheTVinourclassroomwasverysmall,andthesoundwaspoor.Andtheroomwasalwayspackedandhadanawfulsmellofbodyodor,staleair,andlotsofnoises.
Honestly,Icouldunderstanddisturbinglylittleofthemovie,whichhadnosubtitleandcouldn’tbeplayedback.AllwestudiedwassomestupidtextbookstitledadvancedEnglishwithpassageswrittenprobablydecadesorevencenturiesagobysomefamouswritersorphilosopherswhatsoever.
Manyyearspassed,wehavemoreoptionsofEnglishlearning,andmyknowledgeincreases.IfoundthatthefwordissowidelyusedinEnglishthatnoonecouldsayhisorherEnglishisreallygoodwithoutsolidknowledgeofit.
Tomanybeginners,teacherstoldthemthatthefwordisabadandcrudewordtheyshouldneverlearnoruse.ButIthinkthisisterriblywrong.Thefword,thoughoftenusedasaverbalinsulttootherpeopleasin“fyou”,itisalsofrequentlyusedtoindicateanger,resentment,affection,orevencare.SomegoodexamplescouldbeeasilycaughtinthemanypopularAmericanmovies.“Wherethefareyoutalkingabout?”“Wherethefhaveyoubeen”Thespeakermaybesimplyemphasizinganemotionofsurprise,shock,orconcern.Themostinterestingwordincorporatingthefwordis“abso-fing-lutely”inoneepisodeoftheTVshow“SexandtheCity”.Ifwedon’tknowhowtousethefword,itisreallyhardtoexpressadegreeofcertaintyhigherthantheword“absolute”.
Mypointisthataslanguagelearnersweshouldalwayskeepinmindthatsometimeswhatyouseeisnotwhatyouget.Tolearnalanguagebetter,itrequiresussomuchmorethanhardworkandpractice.WeneedtoexposeourselvestoamoreauthenticlanguageenvironmentevenitisverydifficultforpeoplelikeuslivingandworkinginChina.Theearlierweexposeourselvestocross-culturalproblems,themoreobstacleswecomeacrossinlearningEnglish,thedeeperwewouldunderstandthelanguage.Sochallengeyourselfandyouwouldbecometougherandsmarter.
为了更好理解这篇文章,请观看以下电影:http://www.ebaumsworld.com/fwordflash.html
[原创]BEC高级--让我难忘的考试
又一年的BEC考试又要开始了.很多人急着复习备考了.平心而论,她在对测试非英语为母语的考生运用英语作为工具进行商务活动能力的方面还是比较有说服力和权威性的,所以对于将来有志进入(或已经进入)外企进行国际贸易的人员来说这项考试还是值得一试的.特别是BECHIGHER,她对英语综合能力的评估力度相对更大一些.
由于BEC考试有她特有的特点,报考她的人也越来越多.但是也正是由于她将英语和商务结合到一起,致使考试难度加大.无论是对于没有经过英语专业训练的非英语专业考生,还是对于学习英语专业但没有商务知识的考生来说都是比较困难的.尤其如果是没有正式进入工作岗位,只是在校学生,他们对BEC高级商务实务不是很了解,在解决具体考试内容的时候,就会有一定难度.
[原创]GovernmentOfficers
IhadnoideawhatthegovernmentofficerswerelikebeforeIjoinedmybureau.I,however,hadnopositiveimpressionsonthem,becauseofsomeofficersIapproachedwhenIwasasalesman.
Ofcourse,Iusuallycontactedthosewhowereinchargeofpurchasing.Thoseofficerswere/maybestillareproud,demandingandpowerful.Someofthemhintedmeforreturnsandsomejustaskeddirectly.Iinvitedthemfordinnersometimes,andtheyorderedthemostexpensivedishes.Someevenaskedformoreservicesafterdinner.Notuntilalltheso-calledservicesweredone,didtheywanttoreleasesomeusefulinformationtousorsignthepurchasingorders.That’swhyIusedtolookdownuponthem.Theywerenothingbutabigpileofshittome.
AndnowI’mworkingasagovernmentofficertoo,notonlybecauseIamtiredofbeingasalesman,butIwantastableandreliablejob.Idon’tthinkthispositionwillbemyfinalcareerdestination,though!It’sbeenthreemonthssinceIjoinedinthebureau.I’mimpressedbythegovernmentofficersinmybureau,becausetheyarefarawayfromwhatIthoughtbefore.Someofthemarereallygoodandresponsiblepeople!
Ourbureauisabitdifferentfromtheothers,becauseweareinchargeofallthetradesandinvestmentsinthecity.Localcompanieshavetoapplyforinvitationlettersiftheywanttheirforeigncustomers,colleagues,friends,relativesorwhoevertocometoShenyangtoliveorwork.Andwe’reinchargeofalltheforeigncompaniesinthecity.Thoughwehavegreatpowerinhand,weuseittogetmorelegalforeigninvestmentsandforanythingwhichcouldbehelpfulforemploymentopportunities.
SomesmallproblemsstilloccurredtomeafterIbecameamemberoftheofficers.Ihadnosuchexperienceondealingwiththembefore.Forexample:Asectiondirectoraskedmetotranslatealongessayforhim.Isaidyes,butmybosswasnothappybecausehesaidthedirectorhadnorighttoaskhismantodoanythingwithouthispermission.Iunderstood,causeheismyboss.Ishallnottakeordersfromotherpeople,thoughtheirranksaremuchhigherthanmine!Somybossaskedmetoleavehistranslationaloneandlethimtoexplaintothedirector.Infact,heforgottodoit,andIwastherewaitingfortheconsequence.Itcametomeprettysoon.ThedirectortoldthepresidentofmybureauthatmyEnglishwaspoor.Anddon’tforgetIjustimpressedthebossinanegativeway.IsmiledwhenIheardthis,bitterly.“Sowhat?”Iaskedmyself.It’snobigdeal.Danny’sEnglishlevelhasbeenprovedbymanyforeigners,notonlyfromEnglish-speakingcountries.Ihave,atleast,greatconfidenceonmyEnglishskills.
Thisincidentmadememoremature.WorkingfortheChinesegovernmentisnoteasy.Aslongasyou’resophisticatedenough,youwilldefinitelystandabatterchancetobepromoted.Youhavetobebad,meanandwhateversuitableforthejob.I’mouttahere,soonerorlater.Likemybrothertoldmebefore:ifyouworkforthegovernment,you’regonnadiesoon.
NowIunderstandwhathemeant.Oops,beingagovernmentofficerisnoteasy;beingagoodandinnocentoneisnearlyimpossible.Soareyoureadytobeagovernmentofficer?
[原创]howtouseenglish!!!
somepeoplejustdontknowwhyafter10yearsoflearningthey
stillcantspeaklikea10yearoldnativespeaker.theonly
reasonordifferenceisthatwhileyouarelearningenglish,
anativekidisusingenglish.
abookjustwontgetyouanywhere,butwithoutagoodbook,
youcantgofareither.sohereismyidea,usethelanguage
first,readwhenthereissomethingyoudontunderstand,but
beforeyougothroughthisreadingprocess,doaskanative
forhelpfirst.
ispent3yearsonthisanditdefinitelyworked.ihope
newbiescoulddolikeidid,butonethingforsure,youwill
neverbeasgoodatthisasyouwannabe,andthisfeelingwill
eithergetyoumotivatedorbored,ifyoucanmanagewell,you
willseethebigpicture.
hereisawebsitewhereyoucanmeetalotofnativepeople,
www.facethejury.com,thereisaforumwhichcanbeaccessed
forfreeifyouregister,youcanchatwithnativepeopleon
thatforuminrealtime,itsmuchbetterthanhavingateacher
right?well,atleastithinkso.
youknow,iavoidthechancetotalkwithnonnativespeakers,
becauseimightlearnfromthem,andtheymightbecomesome
kindofhabbittome,whichtellsyounottouseenglishwith
yourownkind,causeifyoudoitwillnotdoyouanygood.
mistakescanhappen,butmakesuretheydontcomeoutallthe
time,causeiftheydoyourbrainwillregisterthemandit
willbehardforyoutocorrectlateron.
dontyoueverthinkgoingabroadtolearnenglishismuchbetter
thandoingitinyourowncountryanddontforgetwhoyouare,becauseifyouforgetwhoyoureallyare,nooneelsewould
rememberthatforyou,andifyouthinkgoingabroadcanlearn
therealthing,tosomepointyouareright,butformostof
you,itsabigmistake,whotoldyounativespeakerscanaccept
youastheirfriendwhenyoustillneedtolearnenglish?if
youcanttalkfluentlywiththemtheywillgetbored.
dontargue,ifanativespearkersaysheywhatsup,youjust
needtoacceptthefactthattheydontusehellohowareyou,
justregisterthatpieceinyourmindanduseitthenexttime
youseesomeoneyouknow,habbitizeyourself.imatellyou
likedis,grammarrulesdontworkverywellinrealconversations
ifyouseewhatimean.
isandare,youdontknowhowtousethem?maybeanative
speakerdoesntknowthateitherbuttheydoknowhowtouse
theminarightkindofway.whoyouthinkyouis?does
thisonesoundrighttoyou?causeitdoessoundrightfora
native.whateveranativesays,itsright,ifyoufollow,
youwillbecomemorelikethem.
alright,imsickofthislongasssh*t,enoughforyouto
getmypoint...(ormaybeineedtowritemore?)
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