明十三陵用英语介绍怎么说

【简介】明十三陵，位于北京市昌平区境内天寿山南麓，距京城约50公里，总面积120多平方公里。自永乐七年(公元1409年)五月始作长陵，到明朝最后一帝崇祯藏入思陵止，其间230多年，这里先后修建了13座金壁辉煌的帝王陵墓、7座妃子墓、1座太监墓。共埋葬了13位皇帝、23位皇后、2位太子、30余名妃嫔、1位太监，是当今世界上保存完整、埋藏皇帝最多的墓葬群。明十三陵2003年7月3日被列入《世界遗产名录》，十三陵建造的顺序依次为长陵、献陵、景陵、裕陵、茂陵、泰陵、康陵、永陵、昭陵、定陵、庆陵、德陵、思陵，其中最著名的要数长陵和定陵。长陵建成于明永乐十一年(1413年)，是明朝第三帝朱棣的陵墓，也是十三陵中最早和最大的一座。高耸的明楼是长陵的标志。明朝开国皇帝朱元璋，建都于南京，死后葬于南京钟山之阳称“明孝陵”。第二帝朱允炆(建文帝)因其叔父朱棣以“靖难”(为皇帝解除危难)为名发兵打到南京，建文帝不知所终。有人说出家当了和尚，总之是下落不明(这在明朝历史上是一个悬案)，所以没有陵墓。第七帝朱祁钰，因其兄英宗皇帝被瓦剌所俘，宫中无主，在太后和大臣的旨意下即了帝位。后英宗被放回，在心腹党羽的策划下，搞了一场“夺门之变，英宗复辟，又坐了皇帝。朱祁钰被害死，英宗不承认他是皇帝，将其在天寿山区域内修建的陵墓也给捣毁了。而以“王”的身份将他葬于北京西郊玉泉山。这样明朝十六帝有两位葬在别处，一位下落不明，其余十三位都葬在天寿山，所以称“明十三陵”。

Atadistanceof50kmnorthwestofBeijingstandsanarc-shapedclusterofhillsfrontedbyasmallplain.Hereiswhere13emperorsoftheMingdynasty(1368-1644)wereburied,andtheareaisknownastheMingTombs.

Constructionofthetombsstartedin1409andendedwiththefalloftheMingDynastyin1644.Inover200yearstombswerebuiltoveranareaof40squarekilometres,whichissurroundedbywallstotalling40kilometres.EachtombislocatedatthefootofaseparatehillandislinkedwiththeothertombsbyaroadcalledtheSacredWay.ThestonearchwayatthesouthernendoftheSacredWay,builtin1540,is14metreshighand19metreswide,andisdecoratedwithdesignsofclouds,wavesanddivineanimals.

BeijingservedasthenationalcapitalduringtheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.UnlikeMingandQingrulerswhoallbuiltmassivetombsforthemselves,Yuanrulersleftnosimilarburialgrounds.Whythedifference?

Thishastodowithpeople'sdifferentviewsondeath.BeijingnomadscamefromtheMongoliansteppe.MongolswhoestablishedtheYuanDynastyheldthebeliefthattheyhadcomefrom:earth.theyadoptedasimplefuneralmethod:thedeadwasplacedinsideahollowednanmutree,whichwasthenburiedundergrassland.Growthofgrasssoonleftnotracesofthetombs.

Bycontrast,duringtheMingDynastyestablishedbyHanChinesecomingfromanagriculturalsocietyincentralChina,peoplebelievedtheexistenceofanafter-world,wherethedeadlivedalifesimilartothatoftheliving.Mingemperor,therefore,hasgrandmausoleumsbuiltforthemselves.Qingrulersdidlikewise.

ThestonearchwayatthesouthernendoftheSacredWay,builtin1540,is14metreshighand19metreswide,andisdecoratedwithdesignsofclouds,wavesanddivineanimals.Well-proportionedandfinelycarved,thearchwayisoneofthebestpreservedspecimensofitskinkintheMingDynasty.ItisalsothelargestancientstonearchwayinChina.

TheStelePavilion,notfarfromtheGreatPalaceGate,isactuallyapavilionwithadouble-eavedroof.OnthebackofthesteleiscarvedpoetrywrittenbyEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynastywhenhevisitedtheMingTombs.

TheSacredWayinsidethegateoftheMingTombislinedwith18pairsofstonehumanfiguresandanimals.Theseincludefoureachofthreetypesofofficials:civil,militaryandmeritoriousofficials,symbolizingthosewhoassisttheemperorintheadministrationofthestate,plusfoureachofsixiypesofanimals:lion,griffin,camel,elephant,unicornandhorse.

Yongling,builtin1536,isthetombforEmperorShizong,ZhuHoucong(1507-1566).Hestayedinpowerfor45years.

TheDinglingTombisthetombofEmperorWanli(reigned1573-1619),the13themperoroftheMingDynasty,whosepersonalnamewasZhuYijun,andofhistwoempresses,XiaoDuanandXiaoJing.Thetombwascompletedinsixyears(1584-1590),itoccupiesatotalareaof1,195squaremetersatthefootofDayuMountainsouthwestoftheChanglingTomb.

EmperorXianzong,ZhuJianshen,andhisthreeempressesareentombedwithinMaoling.ZhuJianshen(1447-1487)wasthefirstsonofEmperorYingzong.Hestayedinpowerfor22years.

Wehavecoveredsomeofthemostsignificanttombsofthe13Mingtombsinthetour.Ifyouarealsointerestedintheothertombs,thebestwayistocomeandexperienceyourself.

ChanglingisthetombofemperorYongle(reigned1403-1424),thethirdemperoroftheMingDynastywhosepersonalnamewasZhuDi,andofhisempress.Builtin1413,themausoleumextendsoveranareaof100,000squaremetres.Thesoultower,whichtellspeoplewhosetombitis,restsonacircularwallcalledthecityoftreasureswhichsurroundstheburialmound.ThecityoftreasuresatChanglinghasalengthofmorethanakilometre.

TheundergroundpalaceatDinglingTombconsistsofanantechamber,aceniralchamberandarearchamberplustheleftandrightannexes.Oneofthepicturesshowsthecentralchamberwherethesacrificialutensilsareondisplay.Twomarbledoorsaremadeofsingleslabsandcarvedwithlife-sizehumanfigures,flowersandbirds.Morethan3,000articleshavebeenunearthedfromthetumulus,themostpreciousbeingthegoldencrownsoftheemperorandhisqueen.

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