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Psychoanalysis

ThePsychodynamicApproach

SigmundFreudwasthefounderofthepsychoanalyticschoolofthoughtinpsychology(Image:1907).

SigmundFreudwasthefounderofthepsychodynamicapproachtopsychology.Thisschoolofthoughtemphasizedtheinfluenceoftheunconsciousmindonbehavior.Freudbelievedthatthehumanmindwascomposedofthreeelements:theid,theego,andthesuperego.

Freud’stheoriesofpsychosexualstages,theunconscious,anddreamsymbolismremainapopulartopicamongbothpsychologistsandlaypersons,despitethefactthathisworkisviewedwithskepticismbymanytoday.ManyofFreud'sobservationsandtheorieswerebasedonclinicalcasesandcasestudies,makinghisfindingsdifficulttogeneralizetoalargerpopulation.Regardless,Freud’stheorieschangedhowwethinkaboutthehumanmindandbehaviorandleftalastingmarkonpsychologyandculture.

Anotherpsychodynamictheorist,ErikErikson,expandeduponFreud’stheoriesandstressedtheimportanceofgrowththroughoutthelifespan.Erikson’spsychosocialstagetheoryofpersonalityremainsinfluentialtodayinourunderstandingofhumandevelopment.

MajorPsychodynamicThinkers

SigmundFreud

AnnaFreud

ErikErikson

KeyTermsinPsychodynamicApproaches

CaseStudy—Anin-depthstudyofoneperson.MuchofFreud’sworkandtheoriesweredevelopedthroughindividualcasestudies.Inacasestudy,nearlyeveryaspectofthesubject’slifeandhistoryisanalyzedtoseekpatternsandcausesforbehavior.Thehopeisthatlearninggainedfromstudyingonecasecanbegeneralizedtomanyothers.Unfortunately,casestudiestendtobehighlysubjectiveanditisdifficulttogeneralizeresultstoalargerpopulation.

Conscious—InFreud’spsychoanalytictheoryofpersonality,theconsciousmindincludeseverythingthatisinsideofourawareness.Thisistheaspectofourmentalprocessingthatwecanthinkandtalkaboutinarationalway.

DefenseMechanism—Atacticdevelopedbytheegotoprotectagainstanxiety.Defensemechanismsarethoughttosafeguardthemindagainstfeelingsandthoughtsthataretoodifficultfortheconsciousmindtocopewith.Insomeinstances,defensemechanismsarethoughttokeepinappropriateorunwantedthoughtsandimpulsesfromenteringtheconsciousmind.

Ego—Theegoisthelargelyunconsciouspartofpersonalitythatmediatesthedemandsoftheid,thesuperego,andreality.Theegopreventsusfromactingonourbasicurges(createdbytheid),butalsoworkstoachieveabalancewithourmoralandidealisticstandards(createdbythesuperego).

Id—Thepersonalitycomponentmadeupofunconsciouspsychicenergythatworkstosatisfybasicurges,needs,anddesires.

Superego—Thecomponentofpersonalitycomposedofourinternalizedidealsthatwehaveacquiredfromourparentsandfromsociety.Thesuperegoworkstosuppresstheurgesoftheidandtriestomaketheegobehavemorally,ratherthanrealistically.

Unconscious—Areservoiroffeelings,thoughts,urges,andmemoriesthatoutsideofourconsciousawareness.Mostofthecontentsoftheunconsciousareunacceptableorunpleasant,suchasfeelingsofpain,anxiety,orconflict.AccordingtoFreud,theunconsciouscontinuestoinfluenceourbehaviorandexperience,eventhoughweareunawareoftheseunderlyinginfluences.

CriticismsofPsychodynamicApproaches

Freud’stheoriesoveremphasizedtheunconsciousmind,sex,aggression,andchildhoodexperiences.

Manyoftheconceptsproposedbypsychodynamictheoristsaredifficulttomeasureandquantify.

StrengthsofPsychodynamicApproaches

Whilemostpsychodynamictheoriesdidnotrelyonexperimentalresearch,themethodsandtheoriesofpsychodynamicthinkingcontributedtoexperimentalpsychology.

Manyofthetheoriesofpersonalitydevelopedbypsychodynamicthinkersarestillinfluentialtoday,includingErikson’stheoryofpsychosocialstagesandFreud’spsychosexualstagetheory..