物流海运专用术语<英语》

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A

alongside--Thesideofavessel.

B

barrel--Ameasurementtermthatrefersto42gallonsofliquidat60degreesFahrenheit(15.56degreesCelsius).

berth--Thestructurewhereavesselissecuredfortheloadingandunloadingcargo.

bondedwarehouse--Awarehouseauthorizedbycustomsauthoritiesforthestorageofgoodsonwhichpaymentofdutiesisdeferreduntilthegoodsareremoved.

bow--Thefrontofavessel.Alsoseestern.

breakbulkcargo--Loose,non-containerizedproducts.Examplesincludesteelslabsandcoils.

bulkcargo--Loosecargoshippedinthecargoholdofavesselwithoutmarkandcount.Examplesincludecoal,grainandsulfur.

bunker--Amaritimetermthatreferstofuelusedaboardavessel.

C

cargo--Freightloadedintoavessel.

cargomanifest--Alistofallcargocarriedonaspecificvesselvoyage.

cargotonnage--Mostoceanfreightisbilledonthebasisofweightormeasurementtons(W/M).Weighttonscanbeexpressedinshorttonsof2,000pounds,longtonsof2,240poundsormetrictonsof1,000kilos(2204.62pounds).Measurementtonsareusuallyexpressedincargomeasurementsofcubicfeet(onecubicfootequals0.03cubicmeters)orcubicmeters(onecubicmeterequals35.31cubicfeet).Typically,40cubicfeet(1.13cubicmeters)isthemeasurementstandard.

carrier--Anypersonorentitywho,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformorprocuretheperformanceofcarriagebyrail,road,sea,air,inlandwaterwayorbyacombinationofsuchtransportationmodes.

chassis--Aframewithwheelsandcontainer-lockingdevicesinordertosecurethecontainerformovement.

container--Atrucktrailerbodythatcanbedetachedfromthechassisforloadingintoavessel,arailcar,orstackedinacontainerdepot.Containersmaybeventilated,insulated,refrigerated,flatrack,vehiclerack,opentop,bulkliquidorequippedwithinteriordevices.Acontainermaybe20feet(6.1meters),40feet(12.19meters),45feet(13.72meters),48feet(14.63meters)or53feet(16.15meters)inlength,eightfeet(2.44meters)oreightfeet,sixinches(2.59meters)inwidth,andeightfeet,sixinches(2.59meters)orninefeet,sixinches(2.9meters)inheight.

containerfreightstation(CFS)--Ashippingdockwherecargoisloaded(stuffed)intoorunloaded(stripped)fromcontainers.Containerreloadingfrom/torailormotorcarrierequipmentisatypicalactivity.

containerterminal--Anareadesignatedforthestowageofcargoincontainers.Usuallyaccessiblebytruck,railroadandmarinetransportation,theterminaliswherecontainersarepickedup,droppedoff,maintainedandstored.

containerization--Stowageofgeneralorspecialcargoinacontainerfortransportinvariousmodes.

containerload--Acargoloadsufficientinsizetofillacontainereitherbycubicmeasurementorbyweight.

containerport--Aseaportthatfeaturescargoterminalsdevelopedspecificallytohandlemarinecargocontainers.

D

dock--Forships,acargo-handlingareawhereavesselnormallytiesup.Forlandtransportation,aloadingorunloadingplatformatanindustriallocationorcarrierterminal.

doublestacktrain--Atrainusingspecializedrailcarsthatenablemarinecargocontainerstobestackedoneatopanother.

draft--Thenumberoffeet(ormeters)thatthehullofashipisbeneaththesurfaceofthewater.

drybulkcontainer--Acontainerconstructedtocarrygrain,powderandotherfree-flowingsolidsinbulk.Usedinconjunctionwithatiltchassisorplatform.

drycargo--Cargothatissolidinnatureandnormallydoesnotrequiretemperaturecontrol.

E

export--Shipmentofgoodstoaforeigncountry.

F

feederservice--Cargoto/fromregionalportsaretransferredto/fromacentralhubportforalong-hauloceanvoyage.

feedervessel--Ashort-seavesselthattransferscargobetweenacentralhubportandsmallerspokeports.

FEUs--Maritimeabbreviationfor40-footequivalentunits,whichreferstocontainersthatare40feet(12.19meters)inlength.OneFEUisequaltotwoTEUs,or20-footequivalentunits.SeeTEUs.

flatcar--Arailcarwithoutaroofandwalls.

flatrack/flatbedcontainer--Acontainerwithnosidesandframemembersatthefrontandrearforcargoloadingfromthesidesandtop.

foreign-tradezone--AfreeportinacountrydivorcedfromCustomsauthoritybutundergovernmentcontrol.Merchandise,exceptthatwhichisprohibited,maybestoredinthezonewithoutbeingsubjecttoimportdutyregulations.

freeport--Arestrictedareaataseaportusedforthehandlingofduty-exemptimportgoods.

freight--Referstoeitherthecargocarriedorthechargesassessedforcarriageofcargo.

freightforwarder--Apersonwhosebusinessistoactasanagentonbehalfoftheshipper.Afreightforwarderfrequentlymakesthebookingreservation.

G

gateway--Apointatwhichfreightmovingfromoneterritorytoanotherisinterchangedbetweentransportationlines.

grossweight--Theentireweightofgoods,packaging,containerandfreightcar,readyforshipment.Generally,thecombinedweightlimitofthecargo,containerandtractorforhighwaytransportis80,000pounds(36,287.39kilograms).

H

hatch--Theopeninginthedeckofavessel,providingaccesstothecargohold.

I

import--Shipmentofgoodsfromaforeigncountry.

inlandcarrier--Atransportationlinethathaulsexportorimporttrafficbetweenportsandinlandpoints.

intermodal--Ashippingtermdenotingtheinterchangeablemovementofcargocontainersbetweendifferentmodesoftransportation,primarilyship,truckandtrain,wheretheequipmentiscompatiblewiththemultipletransportsystems.

J

Jacob'sladder--Aropeladdersuspendedfromthesideofavesselthatisusedforboarding.

justintime(JIT)--Inthismethodofinventorycontrol,warehousingisminimalornon-existent:Thecontainerisamovablewarehouseandmustarriveneithertooearlynortoolate

K

knot--Oneknotisequaltoonenauticalmile(6,076feetor1,851.96meters)perhour.Intheearlysailingdays,speedwasmeasuredbytossingoverboardalogsecuredbyaline.Knotsweretiedintothelineatintervalsofapproximatelysixfeet(1.83meters).Thenumberofknotsmeasuredwasthencomparedtothetimerequiredtotravelthedistanceof1,000knotsintheline.

L

laden--Loadedaboardavessel.

landbridge--Themovementofcargo,bywater,fromonecountrythroughtheportofanothercountry,byrailortruck,toaninlandpointinthatcountryortoathirdcountry.Forexample,cargofromJapanislandbridgedacrosstheUnitedStatestoFrance.

liquidbulk--Cargothatisfluidinnatureandtypicallytransportedintankers.Examplesincludeoilandotherpetroleumproducts.

longshoreman--Anindividualemployedinaporttoloadandunloadcargovessels.

loose--Withoutpacking.

M

maritime--Businesspertainingtocommerceornavigationtransactedupontheseaorinseaports.

meter--Onemeterisequalinlengthto3.28feetor39.37inches.

metricton--Onemetrictonisequalinweightto2,204.62poundsor1,000kilograms.

mile--Onemileisequalto5,280feetor1.61kilometersonland.Alsoseenauticalmile.

mini-landbridge--Anintermodalsystemfortransportingcontainersbyoceanandthenbyrailormotortoaportpreviouslyservedasanall-watermove.Forexample,cargofromChinaismini-landbridgedthroughSeattletoNewYork.

multimodal--Synonymouswithintermodalforallpracticalpurposes.

N

nauticalmile--Onenauticalmileisequalinlengthto607,612feetor1.85kilometers,whichisthedistanceofoneminuteoflongitudemeasuredattheequator.Alsoseemile.

near-dockrailyard--Acargofacilityusedprimarilytosortmarinecargocontainersandassembleintotrainloadsboundforcommondestinations.Theserailyardsarelocatedinland,incloseproximitytoaportwaterfront.

non-vesseloperatingcommoncarrier(NVOCC)--Acargoconsolidatorinoceantradesthatwillbuyspacefromacarrierandsubsellittosmallershippers.TheNVOCCconductsitselfasanoceancarrier,exceptthatitwillnotprovidetheactualoceanorintermodalservice.

O

on-dockrailyard--Acargofacilityusedprimarilytosortmarinecargocontainersandassemblethemintotrainloadsboundforcommondestinations.Theserailyardsarelocatedonaportwaterfront.

origin--Thelocationwhereafreightshipmentbeginsitsmovement.

overheightcargo--Freightthatismorethaneightfeethigh,ortootalltofitintoastandardcontainer.

P

pallet--Aplatformwithorwithoutsides,onwhichanumberofpackagesorpiecesmaybeloadedtofacilitatehandlingbyaforkliftorsimilarfunctioningequipment.

pier--Thestructurewhereavesselissecuredfortheloadingandunloadingcargo.

piggyback--Atransportationarrangementwherebytrucktrailersandtheirloadsarecarriedandmovedbytraintoadestination.

port--Therearethreecommondefinitions:

1.Aharborwithpiersordocks.

2.Theleftsideofashipwhenfacingthebow.Alsoseestarboard.

3.Anopeninginavessel'sside,usedforhandlingfreight.

portofcall--Aportwhereavesseldischargesorreceivesfreight.

portofentry--Aportwherecargoentersacountryandisunloaded.

portofexit--Aportwherecargoisloadedandleavesacountry.

Q

quay--Astructureattachedtolandtowhichavesselismoored.Alsosee“berth,dockandpier.

R

ramp--Arailroadterminalwherecontainersarereceivedordeliveredandtrainsareloadedordischarged.

reefer--Anindustrytermforarefrigeratedortemperature-controlledcontainer.

relay--Thetransferofcontainersfromoneshiptoanotherwhenbothvesselsarecontrolledbythesamenetwork(carrier)manager.

revenueton--Atonmeasurementonwhichshipmentsarefreighted.Ifcargoisratedasweightormeasure(W/M),whicheverproducesthehigherrevenuewillbeconsideredtherevenueton.Weightsarebasedonmetrictonsandmeasuresarebasedoncubicmeters.Hence,onerevenuetonisequaltoonemetricton(2204.62pounds)oronecubicmeter(35.31cubicfeet).

roll-onroll-off(Ro/Ro)--Amethodofoceancargoserviceusingavesselwithramps,whichallowwheeledcontainers,trailersorvehiclestobeloadedandunloadedwithouttheuseofcranes.

S

service--Astringofvesselsthatmakesaparticularvoyageandservesaparticularmarket.

shipchandler--Anindividualorcompanysellingequipmentandsuppliestoships.

shipper--Thepersonorcompanywhousuallyisthesupplierorownerofcommoditiesshipped.Alsocalledtheconsignor.

ships--Thereareninebasictypesofships:

1.bargecarriers--Shipsdesignedtotransportbarges.

2.bulkcarriers--Allvesselsdesignedtocarrybulkcargo,suchasgrain,fertilizers,oreandoil.

3.combinationpassengerandcargoships--Cargovesselswiththecapacityfor13ormorepassengers.

4.freighters--Comprisesrefrigeratedandunrefrigeratedbreakbulkvessels,containerships,partialcontainerships,roll-onroll-offvesselsandbargecarriers.

5.fullcontainerships--Vesselsequippedwithpermanentcontainercellsforcontainerstorage,withlittleornospaceforothertypesofcargo.

6.generalcargocarriers--Thiscategoryincludesbreakbulkfreighters,carcarriers,cattlecarriers,palletcarriersandtimbercarriers.

7.partialcontainerships--Multipurposecontainershipswithoneormore,butnotall,cargocompartmentsfittedwithpermanentcontainercells.Theremainingcompartmentsareusedfornoncontainerizedcargo.

8.roll-onroll-offvessels--Specializedshipsdesignedtocarrywheeledcontainers,trailersandvehiclesusingonboardramps.

9.tankers--Shipsfittedwithtanksforstorageofliquidcargo,suchascrudepetroleumandpetroleumproducts,chemicals,liquefiedgas,wineandmolasses.

shortton--Oneshorttonisequalinweightto2,000poundsor0.91metrictons.

sideloader--Alifttruckfittedwithliftingattachmentsoperatingononesideforhandlingcontainers.

slip--Aship'sberthbetweentwopiers.

spreader--Equipmentdesignedtoliftcontainersbytheircornercasters.

stackcar--Anarticulatedfive-platformrailcarthatallowscontainerstobedoublestackedoneatopanother.

stacktrain--Arailservicewherebyrailcarscarrycontainersdoublestackedonspeciallyoperatedunittrains.

starboard--Therightsideofashipwhenfacingthebow.Alsoseeport.

stern--Theendofavessel.Alsoseebow.

stevedore--Apersonorcompanythatemployslongshoreworkersandestablishesagreementstoloadorunloadships.

stowage--Amarinetermthatreferstoloadingfreightintovessels'cargoholds.

straddlecarrier--Mobiletruckequipmentthatiscapableofliftingcontainerswithinitsownframework.

supplychain--Alogisticalmanagementsystemthatintegratesthesequenceofactivitiesfromdeliveryofrawmaterialstothemanufacturertodeliveryofthefinishedproducttothecustomer.Justintimeisanexampleofsupplychainmanagement.

T

tariff--Apublicationthatsetsforththecharges,ratesandrulesofportsandtransportationcompanies.

terminal--Anassignedareawherecontainersarepreparedforloadingintoavessel,trainortruck,orarestoredimmediatelyafterdischargefromthevessel,trainortruck.

TEUs--Maritimeabbreviationfor20-footequivalentunits,whichreferstocontainersthatare20feet(6.1meters)inlength.TwoTEUsareequaltooneFEU.AlsoseeFEU.

transship--Totransfergoodsfromonetransportationlinetoanother,orfromoneshiptoanother.

turnaround--Inwatertransportation,thetimebetweenthearrivalanddepartureofashipfromaport.

U

unitload--Packagesloadedontoapallet,inacrateoranyotherwaythatenablesthemtobehandledatonetimeasaunit.

unittrain--Atraincomprisingaspecifiednumberofrailcarsthatremaintogetherasaunituntilreachingadesignateddestination.

unitization--Theconsolidationofaquantityofindividualitemsintoonelargeshippingunittofacilitatehandling.Also:Theloadingofoneormorelargeitemsofcargoontoasinglepieceofequipment,suchasapallet.

V

vanning--Amarinetermforstowingcargoinacontainer

warehouse--Aplaceforthereception,delivery,consolidation,distributionandstorageofcargo.

W

warehousing--Thestorageofcargo.

weightsandmeasures--

1.Onecubicmeterisequalto35.31cubicfeet.

2.Onelongton,orgrosston,isequalto2,240poundsor1,016.05kilograms.

3.Onemeasurementtonisequalto40cubicfeetoronecubicmeter.

4.Onemetricton,orkiloton,isequalto2,204.62poundsor1,000kilograms.

5.Oneshortton,ornetton,isequalto2,000poundsor907.18kilograms

Y

yard--Thistermcommonlyreferstoarailroadyardwithmanyrailtracksforassembling,storingorswitchingfreighttrains.