实用英语写作技巧之一段落简介

第一单元段落简介

　　1.1段落

　　段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思：或描写事物（describesomething），或争论某事（argueaboutsomething），或对某事提出疑问（questionsomething），或要求什么（demandsomething），或给事物下定义（definesomething），或驳斥某观点（rejectsomething）。

　　1.2典型段落的构成

　　一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成：（1）主题句（thetopicsentence）；（2）说明或支持主题的推展句（supportingsentences）；（3）结论句（theconcludingsentence）（有些段落没有该部分）。

　　示范段落1-1

　　Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems.Doctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.Inaddition，itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety.

　　1.3示范段落分析

　　这是一个典型的段落，可概括提纲如下：

　　主题句：Weallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabit，becauseitcauseshealthproblems.

　　推展句：1.Doctorssayitcanbeadireccauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans.

　　2.Itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases.

　　结论句：Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety.

　　从以上提纲可见，主题句提出了一个问题：Whatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause？随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题，结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。

　　Exercise1-1

　　Directions：Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence，thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence，ifthereisone.

　　（1）

　　Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.Aboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofextinction，，andtherateatwhichtheyarebeingdestroyedhasincreased.Withmammals，forinstance，therateofextinctionisnowaboutonespecieseveryyear；fromA.D.1to1800，theratewasaboutonespecieseveryfiftyyears.Everywhere，menaretryingosolvetheproblemofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld'sgrowingpopulation.

　　TopicSentence：____________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　Details：1.________________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　2._______________________________________________________

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　　ConcludingSentence：________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　（2）

　　TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms.Forexample，inbothAmericaandEngland，peopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttime.Also，mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman，andsowillmostAmericans.PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis，ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o'clock，thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhisdelay.

　　TopicSentence：____________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　Details：1.______________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　2._______________________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　3.________________________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　ConcludingSentence：________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　（3）

　　Birdsusemanydifferentmaterialstobuildnests.Somebirdsusebitsofgrass.Thetailor-birdofAfricaandIndiausesgrasstosewleavestogether.Otherbirdsfindtwigsandpebblesuseful.

　　TopicSentence：_____________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　Details：1._____________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　2.______________________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　3.______________________________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________

　　ConcludingSentence：_______________________________________

　　______________________________________________________________