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Kaifeng

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Kaifeng

—Prefecture-levelcity—

Chinesetranscription(s)

-Chinese开封

-PinyinKāifēng

TheIronPagoda,orYouguoPagodaofKaifeng,builtin1049ADduringtheSongDynasty

KaifenginHenan

KaifengLocationinChina

Coordinates:34°47′28〃N114°20′53〃E/34.79111,114.34806

CountryChina

ProvinceHenan

Area

-Total6,444km²(2,488sqmi)

Population

-Total4,800,000

-Density744.9/km²(1,929.2/sqmi)

TimezoneChinaStandard(UTC+8)

Areacode(s)378

GDP7,250percapita(2004)

MajorNationalitiesHan,Hui

County-leveldivisions10

Township-leveldivisionsunknown

Website:http://www.kaifeng.gov.cn

Kaifeng(simplifiedChinese:开封;traditionalChinese:开封;pinyin:Kāifēng;Wade-Giles:K'ai-feng),formerlyknownasBianliang(Chinese:汴梁or汴梁;pinyin:Biànliáng),Bianjing(Chinese:汴京;pinyin:Biànjīng),Daliang(Chinese:大梁or大梁;pinyin:Dàliáng),orsimplyLiang(Chinese:梁or梁;pinyin:Liáng),isaprefecture-levelcityineasternHenanprovince,People'sRepublicofChina.LocatedalongthesouthernbankoftheYellowRiver,itborderstheprovincialcapitalofZhengzhoutothewest,Xinxiangtothenorthwest,Shangqiutotheeast,Zhoukoutothesoutheast,Xuchangtothesouthwest,andtheprovinceofShandongtothenortheast.

Contents[hide]

1Administration

2History

3Culture

4Tourism

5Sistercities

6Collegesanduniversities

6.1Public

7Seealso

8Furtherreading

9Externallinks

Administration

Theprefecture-levelcityofKaifengadministers5districtsand5counties.

GulouDistrict(鼓楼区)

LongtingDistrict(龙亭区)

NanguanDistrict(南关区)

JiaoDistrict(郊区)

ShunheHuiDistrict(顺河回族区)

WeishiCounty(尉氏县)

QiCounty(杞县)

TongxuCounty(通许县)

LankaoCounty(兰考县)

KaifengCounty(开封县)

History

KaifengisoneoftheSevenAncientCapitalsofChina.

In364BC,thestateofWeiduringtheWarringStatesPeriodfoundedacitycalledDaliangasitscapitalinthisarea.Duringthisperiod,thefirstofmanycanalsintheareawasconstructed;itlinkedalocalrivertotheHuangHe.WhentheStateofWeiwasconqueredbytheQin,Kaifengwasdestroyedandabandonedexceptforamid-sizedmarkettown,whichremainedinitsplace.

Earlyinthe7thcentury,KaifengwastransformedintoamajorcommercialhubwhenitwasconnectedtotheGrandCanalaswellasacanalrunningtowesternShandongProvince.

In781(TangDynasty),anewcitywasreconstructedandnamedBian(汴).BianwasthecapitaloftheLaterJin(936-946),LaterHan(947-950),andLaterZhou(951-960)oftheFiveDynastiesPeriod.TheSongDynastymadeBianitscapitalwhenitoverthrewtheLaterZhouin960,andshortlyafterward,theyfurtherexpandedthecity.

DuringtheSongDynasty,calledDongjingorBianjingthen,Kaifengwasthecapitalwithapopulationofover400,000,livingbothinsideandoutsidethecitywall.Typhuswasanacuteproblemofthecity.

In1049,YouguosiPagoda(佑国寺塔),orIronPagoda(铁塔)asitiscalledtoday,wasconstructed,whichmeasures54.7minheight.Ithassurvivedthedestructionofwarsandfloodingsandbecometheoldestlandmarkinthisancientcity.AnotherSongDynastypagoda,BoTa(繁塔),from974,hasbeenpartiallydestroyed.

ThefamouspaintingQingmingScrollisbelievedbysometoportraydailylifeinKaifeng.Thepainting,ofwhichseveralversionsareextant(theaboveisan18thcenturyremake),isattributedtotheSongDynasty(960-1279)artistZhangZeduan.Anotherwell-knownsightwastheastronomicalclocktoweroftheengineer,scientist,andstatesmanSuSong(1020-1101AD).Itwascrownedwitharotatingarmillaryspherethatwashydraulic-powered(i.e.bywaterwheelandclepsydraclock),yetitincorporatedanescapementmechanismtwohundredyearsbeforetheywerefoundinclockworksofEurope,andfeaturedthefirstknownendlesspower-transmittingchaindrive.

Kaifengreacheditspeakofimportanceinthe11thcentury,whenitwasacommercialandindustrialcenterattheintersectionoffourmajorcanals.Duringthistime,thecitywassurroundedbythreeringsofcitywallsandprobablyhadapopulationof600,000to700,000.

ItisbelievedthatKaifengwasthelargestcityintheworldfrom1013to1127.[1]

Thisperiodendedin1127,whenthecityfelltoJurcheninvaders(seeJingkangIncident)andcamesubsequentlyundertheruleoftheJinDynasty.Whileitremainedanimportantadministrativecenter,onlythecityareainsidetheinnercitywalloftheearlySongDynastyremainedsettledandthetwoouterringswereabandoned.

OnemajorproblemassociatedwithKaifengastheImperialcapitaloftheSongDynastywasitslocation.WhileitwasconvenientlysituatedalongtheGrandCanalforlogisticsupply,KaifengwasmilitarilyvulnerableduetoitspositiononthefloodplainsoftheYellowRiver.

GamesintheJinmingPool,alate11thorearly12thcenturypaintingdepictingKaifeng,byZhangZerui.KaifengservedastheJurchen'ssoutherncapitalfrom1157(othersourcessay1161)andwasreconstructedduringthistime.[2][3]Buttheykepttheirmaincapitalfurthernorth,until1214,whentheywereforcedtomovetheimperialcourtsouthwardstoKaifenginordertofleetheMongolonslaught.In1234theysuccumbedtocombinedMongolandSongDynastyforces.Mongolstookcontrol,andin1279theyconqueredallofChina.

AtthebeginningoftheMingDynastyin1368,KaifengwasmadethecapitalofHenanProvince.

In1642,KaifengwasfloodedbytheMingarmywithwaterfromYellowRivertopreventthepeasantrebelLiZichengfromtakingover.Afterthisdisaster,thecitywasabandonedagain.

UnderthecelebratedQingemperorKangxi(1662),Kaifengwasrebuilt.However,anotherfloodingoccurredin1841,followedbyanotherreconstructionin1843,whichproducedthecontemporaryKaifengasweknowit.

KaifengisalsoknownforhavingtheoldestextantJewishcommunityinChina,theKaifengJews.

Itwashere,too,thatin1969,theformerChairmanofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaLiuShaoqi,diedinprisonfrommedicalneglect.

Culture

KaifengoffersawiderangeoffoodspecialitiessuchassteamingpieandChinesedumpling.Intheevening,Kaifeng'sstreetsturnintorestaurantswhilehundredsopentheirstandsandbeginsellingtheirfoodinthefamousnightmarket.OftenpeoplefromthenearbyZhengzhoucometoKaifengtospendaneveningwiththeirfamilyastheatmosphereisveryappealing.LessadventurousWesterntouristsmayprefertoeatinsidetherestaurantsandjusthavetheirdrinksoutsidebecausetheymightnotwanttotrychickenfeet,porkfeetorbucks.ParticularlyfamousisKaifeng'sfive-spicebread(wǔxiāngshāobǐng),which,likepita,canbeopenedandfilled.

Tourism

DaXiangGuoTemple(大相国寺)FamousBuddhisttemplefirstbuiltin555A.D..

BaoGongAncestralHall(包公祠)AnancestralhallbuiltinremembranceofarespectableofficialfromtheSongDynasty.

Sistercities

Wichita,Kansas,UnitedStates

KiryatMotzkin,Israel

Toda,Saitama,Japan

Omsk,Siberia,Russia

Collegesanduniversities

Public

HenanUniversity(河南大学)(founded1912)

KaifengUniversity(开封大学)(founded1980)

KaifengHighSchool(开封高中)(founded1902)

MaSiGuangUniversity(马思光大学)(founded1988)

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Kaifeng,aprefecture-levelcityineasternHenanprovince,People'sRepublicofChina,locatedalongthesouthernbankoftheYellowRiver,wasfloodedin1642bytheMingDynastyarmywithwaterfromtheYellowRivertopreventthepeasantrebelLiZichengfromtakingover.Roughlyhalfofthe600,000residentsofKaifengwerekilledbythefloodandtheensuingperipheraldisasterssuchasfamineandplague,makingitoneofthedeadliestsingleactsofwarinhistory(excludingsystematicgenocide)andthesecondgreatestsinglelossofhumanlifeofitstime.

ThefloodissometimesreferredtoasanaturaldisasterduetotheroleoftheHuangHeriverandiscurrentlylistedasthe7thdeadliestnaturaldisasterinhistorywithadeathtollofsome300,000.

ThecitywasoncethecapitalofChina,butitdidnotexperiencethesamepopulationgrowthasitssurroundingprovincesandafterthisdisasterthecitywasabandoneduntil1662whenitwasrebuiltundertheruleofthecelebratedQingemperorKangxi.Itremainedaruralbackwatercityofdiminishedimportancethereafterandexperiencedseveralotherlessdevastatingfloods.

ThefloodbroughtanendtothegoldenageoftheJewishsettlementofChina,whichissaidtospanfromabout1300to1642.BythetimeofthefloodtheJewishpopulationofChinahadreachedabout5,000,mostlyinKaifeng.

~~wikiEnglish上面的资料.