介绍山西的英语短文

一共两篇一片长一篇短你可以从第二篇里节选出你喜欢的内容对第一段进行补充有什么其他的疑问可以站内信联系

Shanxi,locatedontheeasternpartoftheloessplateauofNorthChina,BordersHebeiProvince,HenanProvince,ShanxiProvicneandInnerMogoliaAutonomousRegion.Thenameoftheprovince,Shanxi,literallymeansWestoftheMountains,referringtotheTaihangMountains.

Springiswindyandthetemperaturevariesgreatlybetweendayandnight.Summerishotandrainy.Autumnisshortandmild.Winterislong,coldanddry.Theyearlyaveragetemperatureis12/20degreesC,whilethelowesttemperatureis-1/7degreesC.NonFrostseasonvariesfrom1to7months.Themostofprovincehasanaveragerainfallof400/500millimeters.ThebesttourseasonisfromApriltoOctober.

theBestSelectedTours:

BuddhismandAncientBuildingsTourinNorthShanxi

ShanxiMerchants'CultureandFolkloreTourinCentralShanxi

YellowRiverCultureandAncestorTracingTour

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Shanxi

I.BasicFigures

Areas:156.3thousandkm2

Population:31.908million(bytheendof1997)

ProvincialCapital:TaiyuanCity

Geography:ShanxiProvinceisinChinasHuabeiAreaandtheeasternHuangtu(loess)Plateau.Itisbetween34°34.8N~40°43.4Nand110°14.6E~114°33.4E,andneighborsonHebei,Henan,Shaanxi,andInnerMongolia.

NaturalResources:ShanxiProvinceismostlymountainousregionsandplateauscoveredbyloess.Itsmountainousregioniswideandplainsarefew,socultivatedlandisinadequate.Shanxisforestresourceisalsolittleandwithlowquality.Becauseofthegreatneedoflumber,almostallofitslumbercomesfromotherprovinces.Anyhow,morethan120typesofmineralshavebeenfoundinShanxi,includingcoal,bauxite,pearlite,refractoryclay,gallium,andzeolitewhicharethefirstinChina.Itisoneofthecountrysenergybases,butitlackswaterresource.

Economy:In1997,thegrossdomesticproductofShanxiwas148.013billionyuan,thegrossindustrialandagriculturaloutputvaluewas269.177billionyuan,andthepercapitagrossnationalproductwas4,712yuan.Thetotalimportsandexportswere1,952.32millionUSdollars;totalprovincialgovernmentrevenuewas9,281millionyuan;yieldofgrain9.0187milliontons.Twothirdsofcountieshavecoalfield.Therearemanytypesofcoalandiron,andtheyarewidelydispersed.Themanufactureofcranes,miningmachinery,steelrollingmillsandtextilemachineryalsosharesanimportantplaceinChinasindustry,anditslightindustryandtextileindustryisdevelopingatahighspeed.ItalsohastraditionalproductssuchasXinghuacunFenjiuliquor,ChangzhiporcelainandQingxumaturevinegar.

PeoplesLife:Bytheendof1997,Shanxihadlaborforceof19.786millionpeople,made63.0%totalprovincialpopulation,thelaborforceresourceutilizationratewas72.70%.Thetotalwagesofstaffandworkerswas23,996.42millionyuan;totalsocialinsuranceandwelfarefundsofemployedandretiredstaffandworkerswere6.95billionyuan.Thepercapitanetincomeofruralresidencewas1,738.26yuan.Theaveragewageofstaffandworkerswas5,320yuan,andthepercapitaannualdisposableincomeofurbanhouseholdswas3,989.9yuan.Theaveragehouseholdconsumptionwas1,985yuan,1,247forruralresidenceand4,172forurbanresidence.Thenumberofhospitalbedsper10,000personswas35.3,andnumberofdoctorsper10,000personswas42.4.

Education:Bytheendof1997,therewere42highereducationinstitutionsinShanxi,withnumberofstudentenrolment71,138andteachers8,713;3,942secondaryschoolswithnumberofstudentenrolment2.0142millionandteachers142,051;39,622primaryschoolswithnumberofstudentenrolment3.4464millionandteachers174,055.ThefeaturesofeducationdistributionofShanxipopulationaretheincreaseofeducatedpopulationofeachlevelexceptprimaryeducation(thisisbecauseofthedecreaseofprimaryschool-agechildren)anddecreaseofilliterateandhalf-illiteratepopulationannually.

II.PopulationSituation

SizeandDistribution

ThetotalpopulationofShanxiin1997was31.908million.Thepopulationdensitywas201/km2withunevendistributiongeographically.Becauseofthedifferencesinsocial-economicdevelopmentandlaborforcedistribution,therehavebeenhigherpopulationdensityinmiddlebasin,andlowerintheeastmountainousarea,andalsolowinwesternhillyland.Morepeoplelivingintheareaswithrichmineralresourceanddevelopedindustryandmining,morepeoplelivingintheplain,andthepopulationgrowthwasfasterintheplainthaninthemountainousandhillyareas.Themostofurbanpopulationarelocatedinplainandbasin,andlargerproportionofagriculturalpopulationinthesameareasalso.

Thereare45minoritynationalitiesintheprovince,alloftheminsmallsize.

PopulationHistory

ThepopulationinShanxihasbeendevelopedveryfastsincethe50s.Theprocesscanbedividedinto4periodsbythevariationsintotalpopulationandannualincreaserate:

1949~58wastheperiodoffastincreaseoftotalpopulationwithanannualrateof26.52‰;1959~61wasthetroughofpopulationincrease;1962~73wastheperiodoffastpopulationincrease,average456thousandsincreaseannually,theaverageannualincreaseratewas23.41‰;1973~nowhasbeentheperiodofsteadygrowthwithplan,populationgrowthhasbeenundercontrolthroughthewidelypromotionoffamilyplanning.

PopulationStructurebySexandAge

Becausevarietyofreasons,sexratioswererelativelyhighinShanxiinhistory.Itwasabout130from1912to1937,andgraduallyloweredafter1949.In1990,thesexratioofShanxiwas108.51,stillhigherthanthenationalaverage.Thedistributionofsexratiosisunevengeographically,withhigherinthenorthandlowerinthesouth,decreasedgradually.Thesexratiosarehigherincitiesandtowns,higherinindustryandminingareas.Among1997populationof31.908million,populationofage0~14was8.675million,made27.19%ofthetotal;15~64populationmade66.58%ofthetotal(21.245million);andpopulationofage65andabovewas1.987million,made6.23%ofthetotal.Thetotaldependencyratiowas50.19%,withtheratioofchildren40.83%andofaged9.35%.

FertilityLevelandChanges

ThefertilitylevelinShanxiisintheuppermiddlepositionofthenation.Ithasbeenvariedinasaddleshapeinthe80s.In1981,thetotalfertilityratewas2.43,thenitdecreasedto2.1in1985afterthepracticeof“FamilyPlanningRegulationofShanxiProvince.”Itreturnedtothelevelof1981afterthereadjustmentoftheRegulationin1986,was2.42in1990.Thereappearedtobeanearliermarriageandfertilitypeak-value,decreasedhighparitybirthproportion,andincreasedsecondparitybirths.Thethirdfertilitypeakwasobservedin1992,thefertilitylevelloweredsincethewomeninchildbearingagedecreasedannually.

In1997,thebirthrateofShanxiwas16.18‰,naturalincreaserate10.12‰.Accordingtopopulationprojectionsin3scenariosofhigh,medium,andlow,thepopulationofShanxiwillstillincreaseintheearlyofnextcentury,withdecreasednewbornpopulationandbirthrate.

MortalityandLifeExpectancy

ThemortalitydecreasedsharplysincetheestablishmentofnewChina,buttheprocesswasnotsmooth.Thetotalnumberofdeathandmortalitydecreased,infantmortalitydecreasedalso.Rural-urbandifferenceisobviousinmortality;andmalemortalityishigherthanthatoffemale,minoritymortalityislowerthanthatofHanmajoritypeople.Theprovincialmortalityratedecreasedfrom13.70‰in1949to6.06‰in1997.

Theaveragelifeexpectanciesduring1928~33were38.90formaleand34.27forfemale.Sincethefastdecreaseofmortalitylevelafter1949,thelifeexpectancyincreasedsignificantly,reached69.42in1990.

Marriage,FamilySizeandType

By19904thNationalCensus,thenever-marriedmalepopulationwaslargerthanfemale,withrural-urbandifference.Mostofthenever-marriedpopulationwasyoungadults.Thenever-marriedrateswereincreasingaseducationlevelincrease.Veryfewpeoplestayednevermarriedlifetime.Thereweremoremarriedwomenthanmen.Marriedpopulationproportionincreasedasageincreasebeforeage40,anditincreasedfasterduringmarriage-childbearingpeak.Womensaverageageatfirstmarriagehasbeenincreasing.Thereweremorewidowedwomen.Theproportionofwidowedpopulationincreasedasageincreases.Thewidowhoodratedecreasedforolderagegroup,higherinruralthanurban,andhigherinilliterateandhalf-illiteratepeople.Thedivorcedpopulationhadhighsexratiowithlargedifferencebetweenruralandurban.Thelargestproportionofdivorcewasin50~59agegroup,higherproportionofdivorcedpopulationinrural.In1997,among23.232millionpopulationofage15andolder,therewere11.805millionmaleand11.427millionfemale.Amongthemtherewere2.603millionnevermarriedmaleand1.710millionfemale;first-marriedmale8.482million,andfemale8.603million;remarriedmale202thousandandfemale269thousand;divorcedmale133thousandandfemale49thousand;widowedmale385thousandandfemale796thousand.

Thesizeoffamilyhouseholdhasbeendecreased;theproportionoflargefamilydecreasedandsmallfamilyincreased.Theaveragehouseholdsizein1997,Shanxiwas3.69.Themajortypewastwo-generation,made58.10%.Thereweremainlynuclearfamilies.Amongagedfamilyhouseholds,thereweremoresingledelderlypeople.Mostofsinglepersonhouseholds’memberswereelderlywholosttheirspouses.

AgingofPopulation

By19904thNationalCensus,thepopulationchangedfromadulttoagedtypewithafasterspeed.Theagedpopulationincreasedfastwithalargesize,andtheincreaseisfasterthaneconomicdevelopment;theincreaseisunevengeographically.Thesexratiodecreasedwhileoldestoldpopulationincreased.Theeducationlevelwasloweramongtheelderly.65.86%ofagedpopulationwereilliterateorhalf-illiterate.50.82%elderlypeoplehadspouses,thewidowhoodratewas47.00%.Theemploymentratewas18.24%.

PopulationQuality

The1990NationalCensusshowsthatproportionofpeoplewithsecondaryeducationleveloraboveincreased,andproportionofilliteratepopulationdecreased.

MigrationandPopulationFloating

Thestrengthofpopulationmigrationincreasedcontinuouslyinrecentyears,duetothestimulationofmarketeconomy.Therehavebeenmorein-migrantsthanout-migrantsinter-province,moremalemigrantsthanfemale.Thedirectionofmigrationismainlyfromruraltourbanandminingarea.Themigrantshaverelativelyhighereducation,andtheeducationlevelofintra-provincialmigrantsishigherthaninter-provincialmigrants.Thereisalargeproportionofsinglepeopleamongmigrants.Theoriginaloccupationofmigrantsismainlyagriculture,andmostofthemareengageintradeandindustryworkindestination.

Population,ResourcesandEnvironment

Shanxiistheenergyandchemicalindustrybaseofstate.Populationgrowthandeconomicdevelopmenthaveputmuchpressureonresourceandenvironment.Theproblemsofresourceshortage,pollution,anddamagetoorganismshabitsareharmfultopeopleshealth,andalsoaffectfurthereconomicdevelopment.

III.FamilyPlanning

History

1.PeriodofFertilityControlPublicityandSupervision(1956~61)

Accordingto“TheCirculationonImprovingContraceptionandInducedAbortion”byMinistryofHealthandinstructionsbyCentralGovernment,Shanxistartedfertilitycontrolpublicityandsupervisioninurbanandareaswithhighbirthratesandhighpopulationdensities.Someurbancouplesstartedtousecontraception.

2.PeriodofFamilyPlanningInitiation(1962~70)

TheProvincialFamilyPlanningCommissionwasestablishedin1963,aftertheCentralGovernmentsadvocating.Mostofcounties/cities/districtsalsohadlocalfamilyplanningcommissions.TheHealthDepartmentproduced“Shanxi1963MaternalandChildHealthWorkPlan”,whichemphasized“promotefertilitycontrolinareaswithhighpopulationdensity.”In1965,theProvincialFamilyPlanningCommissionworkedout“SomePolicyIssuesonLateMarriageandFamilyPlanningPromotion”,gavespecificinstructionsonfamilyplanning.“CulturalRevolution”startedin1966broughttheworkintoatotalstop.Thisistheperiodofmostnewbornssince1949,andlongestlastedfertilitypeak.

3.PeriodofResumeandDevelopment(1971~78)

ShanxihadaFamilyPlanningLeadershipGroupsince1971.Thefamilyplanningorganizationswereestablishedineachlevel.In1977,theyweretransformedintogovernmentaladministrativedepartment.ThefirstexperienceexchangemeetinginfamilyplanningwasheldinGaopingCounty,tointroducethecountysexperienceincombinethefamilyplanningwithmaternalandchildhealthcare.Therewere3othermeetingsinfamilyplanningtechnicalexperienceexchangeandfamilyplanningresearchcooperationduring1974~78,tostrengthtechnicalability.

4.PeriodofFurtherDevelopment(1979~93)

Shanxiputfamilyplanningintoprovincialeconomicplanin1979.“ShanxiFamilyPlanningRegulation”wasofficiallyimplementedin1990.Thefamilyplanningworkwasbroughtintoprogressbydisseminatingandsharingsuccessfulexperiences.Takingthefamilyplanningworkasoneoftheresponsibilitiesoflocalgovernmentfurtherstrengthenedtheleadership.Aprovincialwidefamilyplanningconferenceontelevisionwasheldin1993.Thefivelevel(province,city,county,township,andvillage)populationandfamilyplanningmanagementresponsibilitysystemwasestablishedinthesameyear.

5.PeriodofSteadyProgress(1994~now)

Underthenewsituation,Shanxiimplemented“threeemphasis”infamilyplanningwork,andcarriedoutintegratedapproaches.Thepublicityandeducationhavebeenpaidmoreattention,theserviceandstandardizedmanagementwereimproved,thenewapproachesinurbanfamilyplanninghasbeensearched.

MajorAchievements

Thespeedofpopulationgrowthhasbeenundercontroleffectively.Comparetotheaveragefrom1962to1970,thebirthratedecreasedfrom33.1‰to16.8‰in1997,naturalincreaseratedecreasedfrom23.10‰to10.12‰.Although1997wasinthethirdchildbirthpeakwithlargebasenumberofpopulation,thenetincreaseintheyearwas316.3thousand,muchlessthan477.1thousandin1970.

PeoplesEducationAchievementandHealthhavebeenimproved.Thepercentagesofpeoplewhohavehighschooleducationandhigherwas1.51%in1964,8.03%in1982,and10.20%in1990.Thepercentageofilliterateandhalf-illiteratewas33.85%in1964,17.86%in1982,and11.30%in1990.Theprovincialmortalityratewas13.70‰in1949,and6.06‰in1997;infantmortalityratedecreasedfrom79.11‰in1958to39.08‰in1990.Theaveragelifeexpectancyincreasedfrom57.16in1958to69.68in1990.

Theideasofmarriageandchildbearinghavebeenchanged.Theaveragefirs-marriageageinprovincelevelwas17.36inthe50s,19.72inthe70s,22.04in1984,and24in1990.Totalfertilityratedecreasedfrom6.14inthe50sto2.46in1990.Peoplepracticefamilyplanningvoluntarily,takeitasawaytokeepahappyfamilyandalsogoodforthenation.

Thepatternofpopulationreproductionchanged.Thepatternofpopulationreproductionhasbeenchangedfromhighfertility,highmortality,andlownaturalincreaseintheearly50stolowfertility,lowmortality,andlownaturalincrease.Thepopulationstructurehasbeenchangingfromyoungtoadultpopulation.

Thedevelopmentofproductiveforceswasbenefited.Havelessandhealthychildrenhelpedcouples,especiallywomen,toputmoretimeandenergytoparticipateinsocialandeconomicactivities.