怎么用英语大概介绍奶牛习性

奶牛的生理行为习性

（1）采食习性

牛采食时往往不加选择，狼吞虎咽，采食时不经仔细咀嚼即匆匆吞下，待休息时进行反刍再咀嚼。因此饲喂块根饲料时要注意不要过大，过园，最好切成片状或铡碎后饲喂，否则，容易发生食道阻塞。饲喂草料时要注意清除铁钉，铁丝等尖锐金属异物，否则容易发生创伤性网胃炎及创伤性心包炎。放牧时要选择牧草高度10公分以上的草场，否则牛难以吃饱。

（2）反刍习性

牛采食时经初步咀嚼混入唾液形成食团忽忽吞下，进入瘤胃贮存，经被带入的碱性唾液软化和瘤胃内水分浸泡后，待休息时再进行反刍。反刍包括逆呕、再咀嚼，再混入唾液、再吞咽四个过程。奶牛一般采食后30－60分钟开始反刍，每次反刍持续时间40－50分钟，一昼夜反刍9－12次，反刍时间6－8小时。采食后应给予充分休息时间和安静舒适的环境，以保证正常反刍。正常反刍是奶牛健康的标志之一，反刍停止或次数减少，时间缩短，表明奶牛已患病。

（3）饮水习性

奶牛一天的饮水量一般是日粮干物质进食量的4－5倍，是产奶量的3－4倍。如一头600公斤体重、日产奶20公斤的话，日粮干物质进食量应是16公斤，一天的饮水量是60－80公斤。夏天饮水量更大，放牧牛比舍饲牛饮水量大1倍。奶牛采食后2小时内需要饮水，最好让其自由饮水，水温10－25℃为宜，冬天宜饮温水，夏天宜饮凉水。

（4）爱洁习性

牛喜欢吃新鲜饲料，不爱吃剩余饲料。因此饲喂时应少给勤添。下槽后应将饲槽中的剩余草料清理，下草前，应将饲槽冲洗干净。清槽后的剩余草料可凉晒后重新加工利用。牛爱喝新鲜、清洁的饮水，因此对水槽应定期刷洗。牛喜欢清洁、干燥的环境，因此牛舍地面在每次下槽后应清扫、冲洗干净，运动场内的粪便要及时清理，保持平整、干燥、清洁、防止积水，夏季要注意排水。

（5）排粪尿习性

由于奶牛的采食量和饮水量大，排粪尿的数量也大，奶牛是家畜中排粪、排尿量最多的家畜。一头成年母牛一昼夜排粪量约30公斤，占日粮采食量的70％左右，一昼夜排尿量约20公斤，占饮水量的30％左右。因为奶牛排粪、排尿量大，所以在饲养奶牛的过程中应防止对环境造成污染。

（6）发情行为

奶牛发情时首先表现兴奋，不停走动，不时哞叫，与其它母牛在运动场相互追逐、顶撞、打转，随后接收其它母牛亲近，然后接收其它母牛嗅闻，最后接收其它母牛爬跨时站立不动。发情持续时间平均18小时，范围6－30小时，发情开始的时间70％是发生在晚7时至早7时。

Dairyphysiologicalbehaviorhabits

(1)feedinghabits

Cowfeedoftenwithoutchoice,devour,feedwhennotcheworswallowhastily,tobecarriedoutatrestandthenchewingruminants.Thus,rootfeedingfoddertotheattentionofnottoolarge,toopark,thebestsheetorcutintopiecesafterthefeeding,orarepronetoesophagealobstruction.Feedingforageremovaltotheattentionofnails,wireandothersharpmetalforeignbody,otherwiseNetpronetotraumaticgastritisandtraumaticpericarditis.Choosepasturegrazingtoahighofmorethan10cmpastures,otherwiseitisdifficulttoeatcow.

(2)ruminanthabit

InitialcowfeedwhenmixedwithsalivatoformchewingfoodMissionswallowed,enteringtherumenstorage,bybeingbroughtintothealkalinesalivatosoftenandrumenwaterimmersion,thequestiontorestwhenanotherruminant.Ruminants,includinginversevomit,andthenchew,andthenmixedwithsaliva,andthentheprocessofswallowingfour.Cowsgenerally30-60minutesafterfeedingruminanteachruminantduration40-50minutes,9-12timesadayandnightruminant,ruminatingtime6-8hours.Afterfeedingshouldbegivenadequateresttimeandquietandcomfortableenvironmentinordertoensurenormalruminant.Normalruminantsareoneofthehallmarksofahealthycow,ruminanttostoporreducethenumber,time,showthatthecowhadbeensick.

(3)drinkinghabits

Cowsadayofdrinkingwateraretypicallydietarydrymatterintakeof4-5timesthatare3-4timesthemilkyield.Suchasa600kgweight,20kgofmilkday,thedietarydrymatterintakeshouldbe16kilograms,theamountofdrinkingwateradayare60-80kg.Greatervolumeofsummer,drinkingwater,grazingcowcowshedmorethanonetimesthevolumeofdrinkingwater.Dairyintake2hoursafterthenecessarywater,letthebestwater,watertemperature10-25℃appropriate,advisedtodrinkwarmwinter,summer,wishtodrinkcoldwater.

(4)lovecleaninghabits

Cowlikestoeatfreshfodder,donotliketheremainingfeed.Therefore,feedingshouldbelessTimgiveground.Underthebedinthemangershouldbecleaninguptheremainingforage,underthegrassbeforethemangershouldberunningwater.Clearanceofresidualforageafterthetroughcanbedryingre-processingandutilization.Cowdrinkfresh,cleandrinkingwater,therefore,shouldregularlywashsink.Cowenjoyclean,dryenvironment,andtherefore,underthebarnfloorineachslotshouldbeclean,runningwater,exerciseatstoolshouldbepromptlycleanedtomaintainformation,drying,cleaning,preventaccumulationofstagnantwater,thesummershouldpayattentiontodrainage.

(5)rankedwastehabits

Becausethefeedintakeofdairyandwatervolumeisverylarge,thenumberofscheduledwaste,anddairycattleareinDefecography,Voidingdosemostlivestock.OnedayanadultcowDefecographyabout30kilograms,accountingfordietaryintakeof70%onedayandnightVoidingdoseabout20kilograms,accountingfor30%ofdrinkingwateraround.SincedairyDefecography,Voidingdoselarge,sointheprocessofrearingdairycattleshouldbethepreventionofenvironmentalpollution.

(6)estrusbehavior

Cowsinheat,thefirstperformanceofexcitedWalknon-stopfromtimetotimecalledmoo,withothercowsintheplaygroundchasingeachother,contradict,round,followedbycowsreceivingtheotherclose,andthenreceivesniffingothercows,andfinallyclimbtoreceivetheothercowIntertemporalstandingmotionless.Estrusdurationofanaverageof18hours,range6-30hours,estrusstartingtimeof70%occurredinlatemorning7:00to7:00.