2015年6月英语四级冲刺试卷(五)

　　37、Questions37-46arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　WhatisitaboutAmericansandfood?Welovetoeat,butwefeel36__aboutitafterward.Wesaywewantonlythebest,butwestrangelyenjoyjunkfood.We're(37)__withhealthandweightlossbutfaceanunprecedentedepidemicofobesity.Perhapsthe(38)__tothisambivalenceliesinourhistory.ThefirstEuropeanscametothiscontinentsearchingfornewspicesbutwentinvain.Thefirstcashcropwasn'teatenbutsmoked.ThentherewasProhibition,intendedtoprohibitdrinkingbutactuallyencouragingmore(39)__waysofdoingit.

　　Theimmigrantexperience,too,hasbeenoneofinharmony.DoasRomansdomeanseatingwhatrealAmericanseat,butournation'sfoodhascometobe(40)__byimports--pizza,say,orhotdogs.Andsomeofthecountry'smosttreasuredcookingcomesfrompeoplewhoarrivedhereinshackles.

　　Perhapsitshouldcomeasnosurprisethenthatfoodhasbeenamediumforthenation'sdefiningstruggles,whetherattheBostonTeaPartyorthesit-insatsouthernlunchcounters.Itisintegraltoourconceptsofhealthandevenmoralitywhetheronerefrainsfromalcoholforreligiousreasonsorevadesmeatforpolitical(41)__

　　Butstrongopinionshavenotbrought(42)__.Americansareambivalentaboutwhattheyputintheirmouths.Wehavebecome43ofourfoods,especiallyaswelearnmoreaboutwhattheycontain.

　　The(44)__infoodisstillprosperousintheAmericanconsciousness.It'snocoincidence,then,thatthefirstThanksgivingholdstheAmericanimaginationinsuchbondage(束缚).It'swhatweeat--andhowwe(45)__itwithfriends.

　　A.answer

　　B.results

　　C.share

　　D.guilty

　　E.constant

　　F.defined

　　G.vanish

　　H.adapted

　　I.creative

　　J.belief

　　K.suspicious

　　L.certainty

　　M.obsessed

　　N.identify

　　O.ideals

　　第(36)题应填__________

　　第(37)题应填__________

　　第(38)题应填__________

　　第(39)题应填__________

　　第(40)题应填__________

　　第(41)题应填__________

　　第(42)题应填__________

　　第(43)题应填__________

　　第(44)题应填__________

　　第(45)题应填__________

　　SectionB

　　Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

　　47、47-56

　　AncientEgyptianSculpture

　　A)InordertounderstandancientEgyptianart,itisvitaltoknowasmuchaspossibleoftheeliteEgyptians'viewoftheworldandthefunctionsandcontextsoftheartproducedforthem.WithoutthisknowledgewecanappreciateonlytheformalcontentofEgyptianart,andwewillfailtounderstandwhyitwasproducedortheconceptsthatshapeditandcausedittoadoptitsdistinctiveforms.

　　B)Infact,alackofunderstandingconcerningthepurposesofEgyptianarthasoftenledittobecomparedunfavorablywiththeartofothercultures:WhydidtheEgyptiansnotdevelopsculptureinwhichthebodyturnedandtwistedthroughspacelikeclassicalGreekstatuary?Whydotheartistsseemtogetleftandrightconfused?AndwhydidtheynotdiscoverthegeometricperspectiveasEuropeanartistsdidintheRenaissance?TheanswertosuchquestionshasnothingtodowithalackofskillorimaginationonthepartofEgyptianartistsandeverythingtodowiththepurposesforwhichtheywereproducingtheirart.

　　C)Themajorityofthree-dimensionalrepresentations,whetherstanding,seated,orkneeling,exhibitwhatiscalledfrontality:theyfacestraightahead,neithertwistingnorturning.Whensuchstatuesareviewedinisolation,outoftheiroriginalcontextandwithoutknowledgeoftheirfunction,itiseasytocriticizethemfortheirrigidattitudesthatremainedunchangedforthreethousandyears.Frontalityis,however,directlyrelatedtothefunctionsofEgyptianstatuaryandthecontextsinwhichthestatuesweresetup.Statueswerecreatednotfortheirdecorativeeffectbuttoplayaprimaryroleinthecultsofthegods,theking,andthedead.Theyweredesignedtobeputinplaceswherethesebeingscouldmanifestthemselvesinordertobetherecipientsofritualactions.Thusitmadesensetoshowthestatuelookingaheadatwhatwashappeninginfrontofit,sothatthelivingperformeroftheritualcouldinteractwiththedivineordeceasedrecipient.

　　D)Veryoftensuchstatueswereenclosedinrectangularshrinesorwallnicheswhoseonlyopeningwasatthefront,makingitnaturalforthestatuetodisplayfrontality.Otherstatuesweredesignedtobeplacedwithinanarchitecturalsetting,forinstance,infrontofthemonumentalentrancegatewaystotemplesknownaspylons,orinpillaredcourts,wheretheywouldbeplacedagainstorbetweenpillars:theirfrontalityworkedperfectlywithinthearchitecturalcontext.

　　E)Statueswerenormallymadeofstone,wood,ormetal.Stonestatueswereworkedfromsinglerectangularblocksofmaterialandretainedthecompactnessoftheoriginalshape..Thestonebetweenthearmsandthebodyandbetweenthelegsinstandingfiguresorthelegsandtheseatinseatedoneswasnotnormallycutaway.Fromapracticalaspectthisprotectedthefiguresagainstbreakageandpsycho-logicallygivestheimagesasenseofstrengthandpower,usuallyenhancedbyasupportingbackpillar.Bycontrast,woodenstatueswerecarvedfromseveralpiecesofwoodthatwerepeggedtogethertoformthefinishedwork,andmetalstatueswereeithermadebywrappingsheetmetalaroundawoodencoreorcastbythelostwaxprocess.

　　F)Thearmscouldbeheldawayfromthebodyandcarryseparateitemsintheirhands;thereisnobackpillar.Theeffectisaltogetherlighterandfreerthanthatachievedinstone,butbecausebothperformthesamefunction,formalwoodenandmetalstatuesstilldisplayfrontality.

　　G)Apartfromstatuesrepresentingdeities,kings,andnamedmembersoftheelitethatcanbecalledformal,thereisanothergroupofthree-dimensionalrepresentationsthatdepictsgenericfigures,frequentlyservants,fromthenon-elitepopulation.Thefunctionoftheseisquitedifferent.Manyaremadetobeputinthetombsoftheeliteinordertoservethetombownersintheafterlife.Unlikeformalstatuesthatarelimitedtostaticposesofstanding,sitting,andkneeling,thesefiguresdepictawiderangeofactions,suchasgrindinggrain,bakingbread,producingpots,andmakingmusic,andtheyareshowninappropriateposes,bendingandsquattingastheycarryouttheirtasks.

　　H)Itissuggestedthatonechoosesomethingtoreadaboutthearchaeologybeforehegoestocarryontheresearch.Itisinterestingthatmanytrytounderstandtheoldthingsintheirownperspective.Onetendstoconsiderthatthebigbowlisfortheancientmaleandthesmalloneforthefemalebecausethatisbasicallythecaseintheworldnow.However,inmostoftheancienttime,femaleindividualsusethebiggeroneinsteadoftheirhusbandsbecausethereusedtobeaperiod--orthereisinsomeremoteare-as-whenthemotherenjoysagreaterrespectoverthefather.Thatisverydifferentfromtoday'ssituation.

　　I)Nooneissureofthereasonforsettingthestatuesintothetomb.Thefirstgroupthinksthattheservantstakingtheformsofthestatueswouldstillbewiththosewhodiedthere,intheafterlife.TherecomethesamecasesinotherAsiancountriesincludingChina,JapanandIndia.Andtheremaybesomethingmorehorrific.IntheancientChina,noblesseldomdiedlonelysinceshortlyaftertheirdeath,theiremperorswouldchoosesomechildrentofollowthem.Andthisissaidtosetupagroupofservantswhowouldmakeserviceforthedead.However,thesecondgroupcountersthisopinionbysayingthatthismaybeawaytoreservethelovefromthelivingfamilymembersandfromotherfriends.Whenlaidinthetomb,theservantscouldrepresentthosewholovethedeadandstillbewiththem.

　　Withoutcertainknowledgewewillfailtounderstandwhythesculpturewasproduced.

　　48、TherearethesamecasesinotherAsiancountriesincludingChina,JapanandIndia.

　　49、TheEgyptiansdidnotdevelopsculptureinwhichthebodyturnedandtwistedthroughspacelikeclassicalGreekstatuary.

　　50、Itissuggestedthatonechoosesomethingtoreadaboutthearchaeologybeforehegoestocarryontheresearch.

　　51、Themajorityofthree-dimensionalrepresentationsexhibitwhatiscalledfrontality.

　　52、Somethingismadetobeputinthetombsoftheeliteinordertoservethetombownersintheafterlife.

　　53、Thefrontalityofthestatuesworkedperfectlywithinthearchitecturalcontext.

　　54、Thearmscouldbeseparatedfromthebodyandcarryseparateitemsintheirhands.

　　55、TheancientEgyptianstatueswerenormallymadeofstone,wood,ormetal.

　　56、Thewoodenstatueisaltogetherlighterandfreerthanthatachievedinstone.