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高三英语定语从句语法应用详解

发表时间:2024-07-22 00:05:54 来源:网友投稿

一、基本概念:

  在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如:

  Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?

  Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.

  定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that,who,whom,whose,which;

  关系副词有:when,where,why.

  二、关系词的用法:

  (一)关系代词的用法:

  1.作主语用who,which和that,如:

  Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.

  Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.

  2.作宾语用whom,who,which,that,如:

  Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.

  Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?

  注:在非正式文体中,用于指人的关系代词whowhom,that通常可以省略,但在正式文体中通常用whom,不可省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that在非正式文体中也通常省略,但在正式文体中一般不省略。

  3.作定语用whose,如:

  (a)Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.

  (b)ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.

  注:“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语(如上a句),又能作宾语(如上b句)。whose的先行词常用来指人,但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与ofwhich结构互换,词序是:“名词+ofwhich”,如:

  Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)

  He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)

  4.作表语只用that,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但时常省略。如:

  Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.

  Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.

  (二)关系副词的用法:

  1.when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词通常有:time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如:

  IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.

  DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?

  注:when时常可以省略,特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如:

  Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.

  Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.

  2.where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place,spot,street,house,room,

  city,town,country等,如:

  Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.

  IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.

  注:where有时也可以省略。如:

  Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.

  3.why指原因或理由,它的先行词只有reason。如:

  Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.

  注:why时常也可以省略。如:

  Thatistherealreasonhedidit.

  (三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点:

  1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构:

  when=on(in,at,during…)+which;

  where=in(at,on…)+which;

  why=forwhich.如:

  IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.

  Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.

  Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.

  2.当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where,试比较:

  I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.

  I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.

  Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.

  Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.

  3.when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只

  能引导限制性定语从句。

  三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

  1.限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。如:

  Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.

  Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?

  2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关系比较松散,因而不是关键性的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如:

  ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.

  Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.

  引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。

  另外非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如:

  ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.

  =ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.

  YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.

  =YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.

  3.两种定语从句的内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有性,这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较:

  Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.

  Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.

  Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.(只有一个)

  HisbrotherwhoisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.(不止一个)

  4.有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采用which或as来引导。如:

  Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.

  注:(1)as引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。

  Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.

  Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.

  (2)从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常

  识性的东西,因此常译成“就象……那样”。

  (3)如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则用which,而不用as,如:

  Shestoleherfriend’smoney,whichwasdisgraceful.

  Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.

  5.在正式文体中,以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以inwhich或that引导,如:

  Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.

  但在非正式文体中,人们通常省略inwhich或that:

  Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.

  Idon’tliketheway(that)youlaughather.

四.关系词的选择

  1.在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作主语,只能用who指人,which指物;关系代词做宾语,常用whom(口语中有时用who)指人,which指物,它们都不能用that代替。

  2.关系代词作介词宾语,不论是在限制性定语从句中,还是在非限制性定语从句中,当介词前置时,只能用whom指人,which指物;但如果介词后置,则不受这种限制,关系代词还可以省去,特别是在口语中。如:

  Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?

  Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?

  Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.

  3.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,关系词可用which或that,二者常可以互换;但在下列情况中,只能用that,不用which:

  (1)当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如:

  Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.

  InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.

  (2)当先行词被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如:

  Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.

  (3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如:

  Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.

  WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.

  (4)当先行词是形容词级或被形容词级所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容

  词级同时修饰时,如:

  Isthatthebestthatyoucando?

  That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.

  ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.

  (5)当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如:

  ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.

  (6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如:

  TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.

  Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.

  (7)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如:

  Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?

  4.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指人时,关系词可用who(m)或that,二者常可互换。

  但在下列情况中,用who(m),而不用that:

  (1)当先行词是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,

  everybody等词时。如:

  Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?

  Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.

  注:在非正式文体中可以说:You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.)

  (2)当先行词是he,they,those,people,person等词时。如:

  Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindgettingwet.

  Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.

  注:在固定结构的谚语或习语中,可用hethat…。如:

  Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.

  (3)当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如:

  Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?

  (4)在分隔式定语从句中,若先行词指人,为了明确修饰关系,应当用who(m)。如:

  AnewmasterwillcametomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.

  There’sonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomIwantedtosee.

  Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.

  (5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词,第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导,如:

  SheistheonlygirlIknowwhocanplaytheguitar.

  5.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指人时,在下列情况中,一般用关系词that:

  (1)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如:

  Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?

  Whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?

  (2)当先行词被形容词级或序数词所修饰时。如:

  Heisthegreatestmanthathaseverlived.

  (3)当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast等词所修饰时。如:

  Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.

  6.当先行词被thesame所修饰时,关系词既可以用as,也可以用that。在表示具体事物

  时,有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来表示同一种类多用as,表示同一事物多用that。

  如:

  ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。

  ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。

  在抽象概念上,同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的,所以两个词可换用:

  Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.

  这里要注意的是:

  (1)使用as时,它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略,但使用that时,定语从句中

  的动词不可省略。如:

  Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.

  Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.

  (2)在“thesame…that”结构中,that只是用来加强语气,强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意,甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如:

  ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.

  =ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.

  =ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.

  但在“thesame…as”结构中,same和as都不能省略。

  (3)当“thesame…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时,不可以直接与as互换。

  如:

  HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.

  =Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.

  Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?

  =Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?

  7.当先行词前有such,so,as时,关系词应当用as。如:

  Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn’tunderstand.

  HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.

  Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.

  Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.

  Let’sdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.

  另需注意:

  ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.(定语从句)

  ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.(结果状语从句)

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