介绍篮球的起源和发展用英语短文翻译

InearlyDecember1891,CanadianDr.JamesNaismith,[4]aphysicaleducationprofessorandinstructorattheInternationalYoungMen'sChristianAssociationTrainingSchool[5](YMCA)(today,SpringfieldCollege)inSpringfield,Massachusettswastryingtokeephisgymclassactiveonarainyday.HesoughtavigorousindoorgametokeephisstudentsoccupiedandatproperlevelsoffitnessduringthelongNewEnglandwinters.Afterrejectingotherideasaseithertooroughorpoorlysuitedtowalled-ingymnasiums,hewrotethebasicrulesandnailedapeachbasketontoa10-foot(3.05m)elevatedtrack.Incontrastwithmodernbasketballnets,thispeachbasketretaineditsbottom,andballshadtoberetrievedmanuallyaftereachbasketorpointscored;thisprovedinefficient,however,sothebottomofthebasketwasremoved,[6]allowingtheballstobepokedoutwithalongdoweleachtime.

Basketballwasoriginallyplayedwithasoccerball.Thefirstballsmadespecificallyforbasketballwerebrown,anditwasonlyinthelate1950sthatTonyHinkle,searchingforaballthatwouldbemorevisibletoplayersandspectatorsalike,introducedtheorangeballthatisnowincommonuse.Dribblingwasnotpartoftheoriginalgameexceptforthebouncepasstoteammates.Passingtheballwastheprimarymeansofballmovement.Dribblingwaseventuallyintroducedbutlimitedbytheasymmetricshapeofearlyballs.Dribblingonlybecameamajorpartofthegamearoundthe1950s,asmanufacturingimprovedtheballshape.

Thepeachbasketswereuseduntil1906whentheywerefinallyreplacedbymetalhoopswithbackboards.Afurtherchangewassoonmade,sotheballmerelypassedthrough.Wheneverapersongottheballinthebasket,histeamwouldgainapoint.Whicheverteamgotthemostpointswonthegame.[7]Thebasketswereoriginallynailedtothemezzaninebalconyoftheplayingcourt,butthisprovedimpracticalwhenspectatorsinthebalconybegantointerferewithshots.Thebackboardwasintroducedtopreventthisinterference;ithadtheadditionaleffectofallowingreboundshots.[8]Naismith'shandwrittendiaries,discoveredbyhisgranddaughterinearly2006,indicatethathewasnervousaboutthenewgamehehadinvented,whichincorporatedrulesfromachildren'sgamecalledDuckonaRock,asmanyhadfailedbeforeit.NaismithcalledthenewgameBasketBall.[9]ThefirstofficialgamewasplayedintheYMCAgymnasiuminAlbany,NewYork,onJanuary20,1892,withnineplayers.Thegameendedat1–0;theshotwasmadefrom25feet(7.6m),onacourtjusthalfthesizeofapresent-dayStreetballorNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)court.By1897–1898teamsoffivebecamestandard.