谁能用英语介绍一下“候鸟”

Manybirdshavemigratedalongthelatitudeofthecharacteristicsoftheseason,thesummerwhenthesebirdsinthetemperateregionsofhighlatitudepropagation,whenwinterinlowerlatitudesoverthewinterintropicalareas.夏末秋初whenthesebirdsmigratefrombreedinggroundstowinteringinthesouth,andinthespringfromwinteringintheNorthtoreturntothebreedinggrounds.Withtheseasonalchangesinthesenorth-southmigrationofbirdsasbirds(migrant).

Observationonspecificlocations,thesemigratorybirdsmaybeinaccordancewiththe南来北往theyappeartobeclassifiedindifferenttime,toTaiwanasanexample,thesummercametoTaiwanfromsouthernbreedingbirdsasbirdssummer(summervisitor)wintercamefromthenorthofmigratorybirdswinteringinTaiwanisreferredtoasmigratorybirdsinwinter(wintervisitor).IfmigratorybirdsinnorthernTaiwanthaninthebreedingareas,inthemoresouthernpartsofthewinter,theymovesouthinthefallandbacknorthinspring,afteronlyashorttimeinTaiwantostay,thenknownasthebirdintransit(transient).Thesamebirdsatdifferentobservationpoints,maybeattributabletothedifferentcategories.Forexample,red-belliedhawkbirdstransitinTaiwan,inJapanitisthesummermigratorybirds,whileinthePhilippinesisthelocalwinterbirds.

Comparedwiththemigratorybirdscomeandgo,therearemanybirdsallyearrounditisthesameplaceinlife,thiskindofbirdknownastheresident(resident).Inoneplace,inadditiontoresidentbirdsandsummermigratorybirdsandwintermigratorybirdsintransit,thereareanumberofbirds,theyaremainlyregionalinfarawayplaces,butoccasionallyasmallnumberofindividualslostduetothedirectionoforforotherreasons,cametotheThesebirdsmayonlybefoundinseveralyearstime,knownasthebirdlovers(vagrant).

[Editthisparagraph]Whydobirdsmigrate

Willbealotofmovementofanimals,includingbirdsinspringandautumneachyearofthemigrationprocess,migrationdistancecanbehundredsofkilometerstotensofthousandsofkilometers.Birdsflyingoverthedesertortheoceancanbedifficult,suchasrestorrestingenergyregionadded,itwasconsideredinthelightofmigration,itistheevolutionofoneofthemostsuccessfulanimals.

Birdsandlarge-scaleannualmigration,inalongtimeagotoattracttheattentionofmankind.Whydobirdsmigrate?Comefrom?Going?Whetherallgroupsaremoved?Whydosomebirdsthanotherbirdmigrationisstillfar?Whatisthemechanismofmigratorybirdseachyear,almosttothetimefixedmigration?Migratorybirdsonthewaytothehorizoninthevastinter-migrationtotherightdirection?Andsoon,hasbeenasubjectofgreatinterestofscientists.ResearchonBehavioralEcologyoftheecologicalsignificanceofanimalbehavior;BehavioralEcologyoftentheprice(cost)andbenefits(benefit)toexplainwhyacertainbehaviortooccur.ToanswerWhydobirdsmigrate?,Wecanalsoacttoexplainthepointofviewofecology.

Birdsbreedingintemperateareasofthetemperateregionsoftheadvantageofshort-nightsummerday,itcanbelongerduringthedayfeeding,feedingfledgling,avoidmanyofthetropicalspeciestobebreedingplacesfacingthenestwithfoodcompetition,andtemperateregionsinsectsinsummerthanintropicalareasalsorichinnaturalenemiesatthesametimelesstemperateregions,naturalenemiesoftherelativelylowpredationpressure.However,coldwinterintemperateregions,oftenfacetheproblemoflackoffood.Theoppositeistrueintropicalareas,facingthebreedingseasonthenestwithfoodresourcesplacesastrongcompetition,andatthesametimethepressureofpredatorspreyingonrelativelylarge,buttheclimateismildinwinter,andwinterfoodresourcesthantherichinmanytemperateregions.Migratorybirdsbecauseofthesummerbreedinginthetemperateregions,winterinthetropicsinwinter,andandgetthebenefitsofthetwoplaces.So,whydonotallhavebecomemigratorybirds?Theansweristhatmigrationisnecessarytopaytheprice.Forexample,therelocationprocesswouldtakealotofenergyconsumption,theymayencounterbadweather,migration,orientationerror,itisnecessarytoadapttothenewenvironmentarenotfamiliarwith,andwithothermigratoryandresidentbirdsofthecompetitionforresourcesandsoon.Atthesametime,whenallthebirdshavetakenadvantageofagreaterpatternofbehavior(migration),thecompetitionhasbecomelarger,therewasnogreatbenefittothebehaviorpatternsof(non-removal)willbecomerelativelymorefavorable.Thusdifferentpatternsofbehaviorontheevolutionisstillthere,andreachedastableevolutionarystrategy(EvolutionaryStableStrategy,ESS).Itisalsopartofwhysomegroupsofbirdswillmigrate,someofthereasonsfornon-removalgroups.

Furthermore,thesameethnicgroupsdonotmigrateinthewinteroftheindividualmayhavetoputupwithlackoffoodcrisis,butthenextbreedingseasoncouldbeasearlyaspossiblebeforetheadventofbetterreproductiontooccupythenest,andincreasedreproductivesuccessrate;theotherhand,migrationofindividualscanbeinwarmwinteringareaofamoreabundantsourceoffood,butthetimerequiredtoruntheriskofmigrationandbreedingnestsmaybelessprice-bit.Migrationisnottomovetheindividualsurvivalandreproductivestrategyoftheproblem,iftherelocationoftheindividual'sreproductivesuccessrateismuchhigherthanthosewhodonotmigrate,thenevolutionwilltendtothebehaviorpatternsofmigration;theotherhand,iftherelocationoftheindividual'sreproductivesuccessratefarlowerthanthenon-removal,theywillnotbeconducivetotheevolutionofthedirectionofmigrationbehavior;iftwostrategiessimilartothereproductivesuccessrate,thenthetwobehavioralpatternsintheevolutionofbothwillbepreserved.

Overall,wecanbethebasisoftemperateandtropicalbirdsinthebreedingandsurvivalofthefacefeatures,summarizethesummarytablebelow.Intemperateregionsahigherrateofreproductivesuccess,butfacedwiththeharshwinterclimate,sotheadultbirdsandsub-adultbirdswithlowsurvivalrates.Greatercompetitioninthetropics,thelowsuccessrateofbreeding,buttheadultbirdsandsub-adultsurvivalrateofbirdsishigh.Migratorybirdsbecauseofthemigrationprocessmustbewillingtopay,sotheadultbirdsandthesurvivalrateofsub-adultbirdsMedium,atthesametimeasthereturntothenorthtemperatezonebreeding,thetimewillbelaterthanthelocalresidentbirds,butwillalsobeagoodplacetostaynestbirdstooccupy,sothesuccessrateofpropagationisalsomoderate(Gill1990years).

Tropicalmigratorybirdstostayintemperateresidentbirds

Highbreedingsuccessrateoflow

Thesurvivalrateofadultbirdsinthehigh-low

Sub-adultbirdswithlowsurvivalratesuntilthemiddleofthehigh-

[Editthisparagraph]migrationprocess

Whenthemigrationofbirdsingeneralbythelengthofsunshine,butweatherconditionsandwinddirection,windspeedwillalsoaffectthesizeofmigrationtime.Sunlightwillaffectthelengthoftheendocrinebirdsinthemigrationseasoncomessothatthebehaviorofbirdsbecomingrestless,calledmigratoryrestlessness(migratoryrestlessness),atthistimeiftheweatherandwinddirection,windspeedconditionsaresuitable,thebirdsbegantomigration.Changesinthelengthofsunshinelawsis,therefore,alsomostofthemigratorybirdsmigrateveryfixed,andthatiswhyeveryyearinearlyOctobertherewillbefixedinalargenumberofgray-facedbuzzardtransitKenting,Baguashanspringbacknorthofthegray-facedbuzzardarefixedatMarchbeforeandafterthepeakonthe21st.Ingeneral,birdsofpreyinfineweathermigration,usethedayoffofthehotaircurrentsoverthedepletionofenergycanbeminimized;smallsongbirdsbirdsmigrateatnightaremorethanisgenerallybelievedthatthiscouldhavebeenavoidedatthetimeofthedaythethreatofpredators.

Migrationisthemostimportantsourceofenergyforbodyfat.Smallnon-migratorybirdsinthebodyofthebodyfatofnormalbodyweightaccountedfor3to5%,short-distancemigrationofbirdsinthe13~25%,whilethelong-rangeorintercontinentalmigrationofbirds,bodyfatweightcanbeuptoof30~47%(Berthold1975years).Smallbirdsoftenmigratehundredsofkilometerstobe1to3daystoaddenergy.Wetlandbecausethefoodisrichinresources,migrationofbirdsoftenbecomeawaystationforaddedenergy.

Ofmigratorybirds,themigrationtimereducedshortsurvivors,inthefaceofthecostofmigrationmaybelower,theearlierthearrivalofwinteringatthesametimearealsomoreabletofindgoodhabitatassoonaspossibletoreducethewinteringbirdsandothertypesofcompetitivepressures.Sothattheyremainatthehalfwaypointoftimeisveryshort,butrichinfoodresources,awaystationforafewdayssothatweightgaincandoubletheefficiencyofsuchfeedingisveryalarming.Therefore,inthefallandspringwetlandoftenlargegroupofwaterbirdscanbeseen,butthecompositionofbirdspeciesinaveryshortperiodoftimetherewillbeagreatchange.

Birdmigrationisgenerallybelievedthatthepathfromgenetic,inparticular,anumberofbirdspeciesinthefirstsub-adultbirdmigration,intheabsenceoftheparentbirdscanstillbesuccessfulandleadtoreachthewintering,whichillustratestheimportanceofgenetic.Buttherearealsomanybirdsmigratethroughthelearningcomesthroughthefollowingsub-adultbirdmigrationandtheacquisitionofpro-birdmigrationpath.