新托福阅读听课笔记：题型篇之列举题

一、问题形式

　　列举题，也叫排除列举题，ets称之为“否定事实信息题”(negativefactualinformationquestion)。基本形式如下：

　　accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisnottrueofx?

　　theauthor’sdescriptionofxmentionsallofthefollowingexcept

　　二、解题技巧

　　列举题的基本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。注意问题中的否定词not和except。

　　1.列举题的解题步骤

　　1)看题干找关键词

　　问题中有关键词的，可以根据它定位，然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词，可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。

　　2)阅读四个选项

　　题干中没有线索的，可以阅读四个选项，总结其中的共同点进行定位，或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。

　　3)排除与原文相符的选项

　　将各个选项与原文比较以后，排除其中符合原文意思的选项，剩下的一个选项，或者与原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正确答案。例如

　　theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.theleavesofanoaktreetastefoulbecausetheyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibletomanyorganisms.thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialtolongevity.althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdroughtandevenfire.apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,anditssurvivalislikelytodependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresofcompetitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.

　　allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributingtothelongevityofanoaktreeexcept

　　thecapacitytocreateshade

　　leavescontainingtannin

　　theabilitytowithstandmilddroughtsandfire

　　thelargenumberofacornsthetreeproduces

　　本题对应第七段(见上文)，其中前三个选项所说的条件(从第四句开始)都对oaktree的长寿有利，而第四个选项所说的“acorns的数量”并未与oaktree的寿命直接联系在一起，因此为正确答案。

　　2.列举的两种形式

　　1)集中列举

　　集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开；三个短语连续出现；三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如

　　theyusedthepotstheymadeforcooking,storingfood,andcarryingthingsfromplacetoplace.

　　whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassageasawaythatancientpeopleusedpottery?

　　(a)toholdfood.

　　(b)towashclothes.

　　(c)tocook.

　　(d)totransportobjects.

　　2)分散列举

　　分散列举的各项可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文一一进行比较，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。例如

　　perhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshness,itsoriginalityofperspective.satirerarelyoffersoriginalideas.insteaditpresentsthefamiliarinanewform.satiristsdonotoffertheworldnewphilosophies.whattheydoislookatfamiliarconditionsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditionsseemfoolish,harmfuloraffected.satirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.donquixotemakeschivalryseemabsurd,bravenewworldridiculesthepretensionsofscience,amodestproposaldramatizesstarvationbyadvocatingcannibalism.noneoftheseideasisoriginal.chivalrywassuspectbeforecervantes,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforealdoushuxleyandpeoplewereawareoffaminebeforeswift.itwasnottheoriginalityoftheideathatmadethesesatirespopular.itwasthemannerofexpressionthesatiricmethodthatmadetheminterestingandentertaining.satiresarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart,notbecausetheyaremorallywholesomeorethicallyinstructive.theyarestimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcommonsensebrisknesstheybrushawayillusionsandsecondhandopinions.withspontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scramblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtapositionandspeaksinapersonalidiominsteadofabstractplatitude.

　　satireexistsbecausethereisneedforit.ithaslivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheylivedinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing,andfoolishphilosophy.satireservestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoftruththoughrarelytoanyactiononbehalfoftruth.satiretendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularmediaissanctimonious,sentimental,andonlypartiallytrue.liferesemblesinonlyaslightdegreethepopularimageofit.soldiersrarelyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,nordoordinarycitizensdevotetheirlivestounselfishserviceofhumanity.intelligentpeopleknowthesethingsbuttendtoforgetthemwhentheydonothearthemexpressed.

　　thevariouspurposesofsatireincludeallofthefollowingexcept

　　(a)introducingreaderstounfamiliarsituations

　　(b)brushingawayillusions

　　(c)remindingreadersofthetruth

　　(d)exposingfalsevalues.

　　这道列举题的选项分布于文中各处，是一道分散列举题。其中选项(b)对应第一段倒数第二句…theybrushawayillusionsandsecondhandopinions，选项(c)对应第二段第三句：satireservestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoftruththoughrarelytoanyactiononbehalfoftruth，(d)对应第一段第五句：satirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse。(a)与原文第一段的意思“satire并无新意，只是表达独特”相矛盾，符合题意，为正确答案。

　　(本文撰写时参考了李传伟已出版的《toefl阅读高分对策》和即将出版的《新托福阅读高分对策》。)